Feedback- this is a response to a speech utterance: an answer to a question, agreement or disagreement, a new speech, etc. Feedback can take the form of an action after listening to the speaker, people act on his recommendations.
Feedback is verbal and non-verbal messages that a person intentionally or unintentionally sends in response to another person's message.
The listener is able to influence the speech behavior of the speaker precisely because he is nearby and his reaction is obvious. This reaction is nothing more than (in terms of information theory) a manifestation of feedback.
In interpersonal communication, we constantly provide each other with feedback, whether we like it or not. Anything we do or don’t do in relation to or in interaction with others can be viewed as feedback. For example, a young man wrote to a girl several dozen letters and did not receive an answer to one - the feedback in this case is the lack of action. We laugh at a narrated anecdote when we are really funny or when we want to please the narrator - these are examples of spontaneous and deliberate feedback. Love expressed through a gaze or poetic message are examples of non-verbal and verbal feedback. If our words or actions cause an unwanted reaction from someone and we is in a hurry to accompany them with the phrase: "You misunderstood me ..." or "I did not mean it at all" - in this way we try to control the feedback.
Human actions, in which her ability to hear turns out, precisely because of their "reactive" (that is, responding to a stimulus) nature, provide the very possibility of feedback, and all the factors considered above, improving or preventing it, directly affect the content of feedback. "communication.
Among the types of feedback, there are evaluative and non-evaluative reverse. Evaluative feedback - messages of your opinion, your attitude to what is being discussed.
A group of American researchers led by A. Jacobs investigated a phenomenon called the "probability jump". Its essence lies in the fact that positive feedback is always assessed as more reliable than negative. With regard to the optimal sequence for providing feedback, a series of experimental data indicate that negative feedback is judged to be more reliable and desirable when given after positive feedback, rather than preceding it.
The aforementioned group of researchers conducts experiments in accordance with a "long-term" program, studying the dependence of the acceptance of feedback on three variables: 1) the feedback sign ("+" or "-") 2) the sequence of its presentation - first "+", then "- ", and vice versa; 3) the form of feedback: a) behavioral ("I think you are acting too overbearing"), b) emotional ("I like you", "I am angry with you"), c) emotionally behavioral ("You behave overbearing and it pisses me off ").
One of the ways to improve the reliability of feedback, discovered during an experiment called the "amplifying effect". Its essence lies in the fact that an emotional "addition" to the behavioral basis increases the likelihood of feedback compared to purely behavioral feedback, if both are positive. And the emotional addition itself reduces the likelihood of feedback if it is negative. In other words, "reinforcing" a positive behavioral observation ("You are attentive") with a positive emotional response ("I like you") increases the likelihood of remarking about the behavior, while joining negative behavioral statements ("You are absent-minded") with a negative emotional response ("You hate me") reduces the credibility of the remark about behavior: this remark can be regarded as biased, caused by negative attitudes A. Jacob believes that the use of "amplifying effects" is a powerful lever for changing the likelihood of feedback.
The ratings can be positive ("you are good at it") or negative ("what the hell are you talking about"). Positive evaluative feedback serves to support the "self-concept" of our partner and the interpersonal relationships that have developed with him.
Negative evaluative feedback fulfills a corrective function aimed at eliminating unwanted behavior, changing or modifying our relationship.
The structure of evaluative feedback involves the use of phrases that indicate that it is about a person's own opinion: "it seems to me", "I think", "in my opinion." If such phrases are absent, and the assessment is expressed quite definitely and openly, then the statements acquire a static character, are often perceived as rudeness or impoliteness and cause psychological protection in the interlocutor. Therefore, the relationship becomes strained or even destroyed. Let's compare the statements:
"It seems to me that it is not so" and "What nonsense!"
Non-judgmental feedback - type of feedback, does not contain our attitude to the issue under discussion. We use it when we want to learn more about a person's feelings or help her formulate an opinion on a specific matter, without directly interfering with the actions of the interlocutor.
This goal is achieved with the help of such techniques as clarification, paraphrasing, clarification, reflection of feelings (or empathy). These procedures formed the basis for highlighting the listening styles that we discussed earlier.
So, feedback is a necessary component of effective communication.
Feedback the reverse effect of the results of the process on its course or the controlled process on the governing body. O. s. characterizes the systems of regulation and management in wildlife, society and technology. Distinguish between positive and negative O. page. If the results of the process strengthen it, then O. s. is positive. When the results of the process weaken its effect, then there is a negative O. of page. Negative O. page. stabilizes the course of processes. Positive O. page, on the contrary, usually leads to an accelerated development of processes and to oscillatory processes. In complex systems (for example, in social, biological) the definition of O. types of page difficult and sometimes impossible. O. s. they are also classified in accordance with the nature of the bodies and environments through which they are carried out: mechanical (for example, negative O. S., carried out by a centrifugal regulator (see Centrifugal regulator) Watt in a steam engine); optical (for example, positive optical system, carried out by an optical resonator in the laser e); electric, etc. Sometimes O. s. in complex systems, they are considered as the transfer of information about the course of a process, on the basis of which one or another control action is developed. In this case, O. s. called informational. O. concept of page. as a form of interaction plays an important role in the analysis of the functioning and development of complex control systems in living nature and society, in revealing the structure of the material unity of the world. L. I. Freidin. Feedback in automatic regulation and control systems, communication in the direction from the output to the input of the considered section of the main chain of influences (information transfer). This section can be either a controlled object or any link of an automatic system (or a set of links). The main chain of influences is a conditionally distinguished chain of signal passage from the input to the output of the automatic system. O. s. forms a path of transmission of influences in addition to the main chain of influences or any part of it. Thanks to O. s. the results of the functioning of automatic systems affect the input of the same system or, accordingly, its parts, affect the nature of their functioning and the mathematical description of the movement. Such systems with a closed chain of actions - closed control systems (see Closed control system) - are characterized by the fact that both external and control influences are input for them, i.e., coming from the controlled object to the control device. Chain (channel) O. s. may contain one or more links that convert the output signal of the main chain of actions according to the given Algorithm y. An example of a chain O. of page. - a control device (for example, an automatic regulator) that receives the output (actual) action of the controlled object as an input value and compares it with the prescribed (in accordance with the operation algorithm) value. As a result of this comparison, the influence of the control device on the controlled object is formed (see Automatic regulation). Thus, the control object is covered by the O. s chain. in the form of a control device, the action circuit is closed; such an O. with. usually called the main one. O. s. is a fundamental concept of cybernetics (see Cybernetics), especially control theory and information theory; O. s. allows you to control and take into account the actual state of the controlled system (i.e., ultimately, the results of the control system) and make appropriate adjustments to its control algorithm. In technical systems, control information about the operation of a controlled object comes through the O. s circuit. to the operator or automatic control device. Negative O. page. widely used in closed automatic systems in order to increase stability (stabilization), improve transient processes, decrease sensitivity, etc. (sensitivity is understood as the ratio of an infinitesimal change in the output action to the infinitesimal input action that caused it). Positive O. page. enhances the output action of a link (or system), leads to an increase in sensitivity and, as a rule, to a decrease in stability (often to continuous and divergent oscillations), deterioration of transient processes and dynamic properties, etc. By the type of transformation of influence in O.'s circuit with. a distinction is made between rigid (static), differentiating (flexible, elastic), and integrating O. s. Rigid O. with. contains only proportional links and its output action is proportional to the input one (both in statics and in dynamics - in a certain range of vibration frequencies). Differentiating links contain differentiating links (simple, isodromic) and can be astatic (disappearing over time) or with statism. Connections without statism are manifested only in dynamics, since the input action does not participate in their mathematical model, but only its derivatives appear, tending to zero with the end of transient processes. In the structure of integrating O. of page. includes an integrating link that accumulates incoming influences over time. For systems with O. of page. the following regularities are true. The proportional link when O.'s coverage of the page. remains proportional with a new transmission ratio, increased (against the original) with a positive and decreased with a negative O. s. Static link of the first order with the coverage of a rigid negative O. with. remains static of the first order; the time constant and the transmission coefficient change. An integrating link in the coverage of a rigid negative O. with. turns into a static one, and when the isodromic O.'s reach by the village. begins to respond to the time derivative of the input action. Static link of the first order when covering isodromic O. with. also reacts to the time derivative of the input action. With the coverage of the proportional link of the integrating negative O. page. an inertial-differentiating link is obtained. If, in this case, the initial proportional link has a very large transmission coefficient (in comparison with the transmission coefficient of an isodromic optical link), then the resulting link approaches the differentiating one in its characteristic. Lit .: P.H. Hammond, Feedback Theory and Its Applications, trans. from English., M., 1961; Viner N., Cybernetics, trans. from English., M., 1958; him, Cybernetics and Society, trans. from English., M., 1958; Theory of automatic control, parts 1-2, M., 1968-72; Fundamentals of automatic control, 3rd ed., M., 1974. M. M. Maisel. Feedback in electronic devices, influence of the signal from the output of the device to its input. The electrical circuit through which the signal from the output of the device is fed to the input is called the O. s circuit. Most often, the device can be represented in the form of an equivalent electrical circuit with two (input and output) pairs of terminals, and characterize the so-called. a transfer function, or a transfer function defined by the ratio of the voltage or current at the output terminal pair to the voltage or current at the input terminal pair. Transfer function F c devices with O. of page. can be determined from the formula: where F 0- transfer function of the device without O. page; β
- function of the chain O. of page; βF 0- loop reinforcement; 1 - βF 0- O. depth with. O.'s classification with. O. s. classify mainly by the type of function of transfer of the chain O. of page. and the ratio of the transfer functions of the chain O. of page. and the device itself, by the nature of the chain of the O. page, by the method of connecting the chain O. page. to the input and output of the device. Distinguish between linear and nonlinear O. page. depending on whether the transfer function of the chain is linear or non-linear. If βF 0- real number u> 0, O. s. is positive; if βF 0- real number and Complex numbers); such an O. with. called complex. With Δφ equal to 90 °, O. s. sometimes called (purely) reactive. If the chain is complex O. with. contains a delay line (see Delay line), that is, if Δφ is approximately proportional to the oscillation frequency, O. s. called lagging. By the method of connecting O.'s circuits with. to the input and output of the device distinguish between serial and parallel O. of page, if the output of the O. circuit with. connected in series ( rice. 1
, a, b) or in parallel ( rice. 1
, b, d) to the signal source, and mixed (combined) at the input, if the connection of O. s circuits. to the signal source in series-parallel. Distinguish also O. page. by voltage and by current, if the voltage or current at the input of the O. circuit. proportional to the voltage across the load resistance ( rice. 1
, b, d) or the current in it ( rice. 1
, a, c), and O. s. mixed (combined) on the output, if the connection of O. circuits with. to the load (output) resistance in series-parallel. O. page, in which only interference and signal distortions arising in the device are transmitted from the output to the input of the device, called. balanced. Feedback properties and applications. In a device with a positive O. page. with loop gain ≥ 1, self-oscillations may occur, which is used in various kinds of generators of electrical oscillations. Positive O. of page. with βF 0 Electric filter). It also makes it possible to realize in electrical and radio engineering devices elements of electrical circuits that do not exist in the form of physical devices, for example, elements with negative capacitance and negative inductance, a gyrator (impedance converter, for example, capacitive to inductive) for any operating frequency and elements with electrically controlled parameters (for example, in the form of a reactive lamp (see Reactive lamp)). Sometimes such an O. page. is used to neutralize unwanted internal O. by page. in electronic devices. In one device several O.'s circuits are often used simultaneously. of a different nature. An example is a tube amplifier ( rice. 2
) with a complex frequency-dependent parallel O.S. on the voltage realized by mutual inductance (the so-called transformer O. page), and negative serial O. page. by the current carried out by the resistor. At a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the oscillatory circuit, the transformer O. s. becomes positive. If its loop gain Lit .: Braude G.V., Correction of television and pulse signals, Sat. Art., M., 1967; Tsykin G.S., Amplifying devices, 4th ed., M., 1971. L. I. Freidin. Feedback in biology. The existence of control systems with O. s. can be traced at all levels of organization of the living (see. Levels of organization of the living) - from molecular to population and biocenotic. The contribution of this mechanism to the automatic maintenance of the constancy of the internal environments of the organism - Homeostasis - is especially significant, to the activity of the genetic apparatus, the endocrine and nervous systems. Ideas about regulation according to the principle of O. s. appeared in biology a long time ago. Already the first hypothesis of reflex reactions (R. Descartes, 17th century, J. Prochaska, 18th century) contained the premises of this principle. In a clearer form, these concepts were developed in the works of C. Bell, I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov, and later in the 1930s and 1940s. 20th century N. A. Bernstein and P. K. Anokhin. In the most complete and close to its modern understanding of the principle of O. of page. (negative) - as a general principle for all living systems - was formulated by the Russian physiologist N. A. Belov (1912-24) under the name "parallel-cross interaction" and experimentally studied on the endocrine organs by M. M. Zavadovsky (See Zavadovsky) who called it "plus - minus interaction". Belov showed that negative O. s. - a general principle that ensures a tendency towards equilibrium in any (not only living) systems, but, like Zavadovsky, believed that the existence of positive OS is impossible in living systems. The Soviet scientist A.A. and formulated the differences in their adaptive meaning (1945-60). Abroad O. s. in biology began to be widely studied after the appearance in 1948 of N. Wiener's book "Cybernetics". In the USSR in the 50-60s. 20th century I.I.Shmalgauzen successfully applied the concept of O. with. in population genetics. In living systems, O. s should be distinguished. type of mutual stimulation (positive O. page) or suppression in response to stimulation (negative O. page), amenable to at least an approximate quantitative assessment, and qualitatively complex O. page, when, for example, in ontogeny e, one organ promotes differentiation the other, and the latter, at a new stage, qualitatively determines the development of the former. General principles of O. of page. formulated mainly for relations of the first type. Negative O. page. ensures the maintenance of the system in a stable equilibrium, because an increase in the impact of the governing body on the object (regulated body, system, process) causes the opposite effect of the object on the governing body. The physiological meaning of negative O. of page. lies in the fact that an increase in the regulated value (for example, the activity of an organ) above a certain limit causes a lowering effect on the part of the associated subsystem; a sharp decrease in the regulated value causes the opposite effect. At positive O. page. information about an increase in the controlled value causes a reaction in the subsystem associated with it, providing a further increase in this value. In highly organized animals, the activity of the central nervous system normally always includes the presence of O. s as a necessary condition. So, any action of an animal, for example, the pursuit of prey, is accompanied by impulses coming from the central nervous system to the muscles (running, grasping prey), and feedback signals from the sense organs (vision, proprioceptors, etc.), which make it possible to take into account the results of efforts and correct them. in connection with the course of events. Combinations of positive and negative O. of page. cause an alternative change in physiological states (for example, sleep - wakefulness). The study of the development curve of pathological processes of a non-infectious nature (trophic ulcers, hypertension, manic-depressive psychosis, epilepsy, etc.) allows, based on the result, to determine the most probable type of O. page, underlying the disease, and to limit the study of its etiology and pathogenesis by mechanisms of a certain category. Living objects as the most perfect self-regulating systems are rich in various types of OS; the study of the latter is very productive for the study of biological phenomena and the establishment of their specificity. Lit .: Malinovsky AA, Types of control biological systems and their adaptive meaning, in the collection: Problems of Cybernetics, no. 4, M., 1961, p. 151-181; Regulatory mechanisms of the cell, trans. from English., M., 1964; Petrushenko L.A., The principle of feedback, M., 1967: Viner N., Cybernetics or control and communication in an animal and a machine, trans. from English., M., 1968; Shmalgauzen I.I., Cybernetic problems of biology, Novosibirsk, 1968. A. A. Malinovsky. Rice. 1. Amplifier circuits with different types of feedback circuits: a - serial current feedback; b - serial voltage feedback; c - parallel current feedback; d - parallel voltage feedback. 1 - amplifier of electrical oscillations; 2 - feedback circuit (the arrow shows the direction of signal propagation along the feedback circuit from its input terminals to the output terminals): Z source - total resistance of the signal source E source; Z load is the total load resistance of the amplifier. Rice. 2. Vacuum tube amplifier of electrical oscillations with feedback: U in - voltage at the amplifier input; L - electronic lamp; R- resistor in the lamp cathode circuit; L and WITH- respectively, the inductance and capacitance of the oscillating circuit in the lamp anode circuit; M- mutual inductance connecting the circuits of the anode and the control grid of the lamp; U out - voltage at the amplifier output; E a - anode supply voltage. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia.
1969-1978
.
See what "Feedback" is in other dictionaries:
Feedback- Dependence of current impacts on an object on its state, due to previous impacts on the same object. Notes 1. Feedback can be natural (inherent in the object) or artificially organized. 2. Distinguish ... ... Technical translator's guide
Feedback- Response, a regulating response caused by a situation that has arisen. In group therapy, the facilitator often asks for feedback from group members at the end of an individual work episode. The goal may be to obtain additional ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia
The impact of the results of the functioning of any system (object) on the nature of this functioning. If the influence of feedback enhances the results of functioning, then such feedback is called positive; if weakens ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
What is feedback (OS), what is it for and how to improve the efficiency of your employees using OS.
Three groups of young people performed the same work in laboratory conditions, while, regardless of the results, one group was encouraged with approval, criticism was made to the other group, and the third group was ignored (not praised or criticized). As expected, the first group showed the best results, the next in the ranking was the group that was regularly criticized, and the lowest level of achievements was shown by ... the third group, which was left unattended.
Feedback- intentional message to another person about those actions that lead to the achievement of the goal.
OS functions:
* Support and encouragement of actions leading to success and giving the desired result.
* Change ineffective behavior
* Motivation
* Learning to learn from past mistakes and failures.
The purpose of the OS- so that the person next time in a similar situation acts as successfully or avoids previous mistakes.
During our life, we receive OS many times. Sometimes it is given directly, sometimes indirectly. Sometimes this OS helps us learn something new about ourselves better. But sometimes, feedback leaves negative feelings and doesn't help us do better work or study.
How to give Feedback?
Addressable
(It is very important, when giving OS, to address by name, say "you / you", not "he / she", eye contact)
Specifically
(Special emphasis should be placed on the fact that the OS is often given “I liked everything.” Everything is nothing!
The best result will be given by specifics - “I liked how you said then, how you restrained yourself at such and such a moment, how you smiled after this question, your gesture like this, etc.”)
Short and to the point
(Brevity is the sister of talent, it is absolutely very difficult to remember everything, and the effectiveness of a detailed analysis of the entire meeting is not always high, a person will still pay attention and remember only a few points, so it is better to focus on one or two stages / directions that will help in the future, and so the same for those that need development)
Recordings
(Be sure to make notes for giving OS, firstly, not everything is remembered, and secondly, this will increase respect for you from the person to whom you give OS, that you listened carefully and took the process seriously. Thirdly, sometimes a person does not realize what exactly and how he says, quotes will help to make out some points, plus they will show that you are not unfounded).
How to Receive Feedback?
Seek objectivity
Do not apologize
Don't make excuses
Do not argue
Do not be offended
Make notes
The most important thing in receiving feedback is to remember all your skills as an effective communicator.
After all, the purpose of the OS is not to scold you, not humiliate you or poke you into mistakes, but to help. Therefore, it is necessary to accept feedback as help, abstracting from emotions, listen carefully and not just make notes.
The Feedback structure is like a positive sandwich. What is its positivity? And remember the cartoon about Matroskin. So, the structure of the OS is very similar to the most correct sandwich, no matter how you put it, it is still a sausage on the tongue.
Positive points (what you liked) +
Points for improvement (what to add, what is missing) -
Points for thought (where to move, what to work on, what to build success on) +/-
Successful Feedback.
Feedback is the effect of the output value of any system C (Fig. 1) on the input of the same system. In a broader sense, feedback is the impact of the results of the functioning of a certain system on the nature of this functioning.
In addition to the output quantity, external influences can also act on a functioning system (x in Fig. 1). The AB circuit through which feedback is transmitted is called a circuit, line, or feedback channel.
Rice. 1.
The channel itself may contain any system (D, Fig. 2) that transforms the output value in the process of its transmission. In this case, it is said that the feedback from the output of the system to its input is carried out with the help or through the system D.
Rice. 2.
Feedback is one of the most important concepts in electronics and automatic control theory. Specific examples of the implementation of systems containing feedbacks can be found in the study of a wide variety of processes in automatic systems, living organisms, economic structures, etc.
Due to the universality of the concept applicable in various fields of science and technology, the terminology in this area has not been established, and in each particular area of knowledge, as a rule, its own terminology is used.
For example, in automatic control systems widely used the concepts of negative and positive feedback, which determine the connection between the output of the system and its input through an amplifying link with a correspondingly negative or positive gain.
In the theory of electronic amplifiers, the meaning of these terms is different: feedback is called negative, which decreases the absolute value of the overall gain, and positive - increases it.
Depending on the methods of implementation in the theory of electronic amplifiers, there are feedbacks for current, voltage and combined.
Automatic control systems often introduce additional feedbacks used to stabilize systems or improve transients in them. They are sometimes called corrective and among them there are tough(carried out with the help of an amplifying link), flexible(implemented by a differentiating link), isodromous etc.
In various systems, you can always find closed chain of influences... For example, in Fig. 2, part C of the system acts on part D, and the latter again on C. Therefore, such systems are also called systems with a closed chain of actions, systems with a closed cycle or closed loop.
In complex systems, many different feedback loops can exist. In a multi-element system, the output of each element can, generally speaking, affect the inputs of all other elements, including its own input.
Any impact can be viewed from three main aspects: metabolic, energetic and informational. The first is associated with changes in the location, shape and composition of matter, the second - with the transfer and transformation of energy, and the third - with the transmission and transformation of information.
In control theory, only the informational side of influences is considered. Thus, the feedback can be defined as the transfer of information about the output value of the system to its input, or as the arrival of information converted by the feedback link from the output to the input of the system.
The principle of the device is based on the application of feedback. automatic control systems (ACS)... In them, the presence of feedback provides an increase in noise immunity due to a decrease in the influence of interference (z in Fig. 3), acting in the forward path of the system.
Rice. 3.
If in a linear system with links with transfer functions Kx (p) and K2 (p), remove the feedback loop, then the image x of the output value x is determined by the following relationship:
If, in this case, it is required that the output value x be exactly equal to the reference action x *, then the overall gain of the system K (p) = K1 (p) K2 (p) should be equal to one, and there should be no interference z. The presence of z and the deviation of K (p) from unity give rise to an error e, i.e., the difference
For K (p) = 1 we have
If we now close the system using feedback, as shown in Fig. 3, the image of the output quantity x will be determined by the following relationship:
It follows from the relation that for a sufficiently large modulus the gain Kx (p), the second term is negligible and, therefore, the influence of the interference z is negligible. At the same time, the value of the output quantity x will differ very little from the value of the reference variable.
In a closed-loop system with feedback, it is possible to significantly reduce the influence of noise in comparison with an open-loop system, since the latter does not respond to the actual state of the controlled object, is "blind" and "deaf" to a change in this state.
Consider the flight of an airplane as an example. If the rudders of the aircraft are set in advance with high accuracy so that it flies in a given direction, and they are rigidly fixed, then gusts of wind and other random and unforeseen factors will knock the plane off the desired course.
Only the feedback system (autopilot) is able to correct the position, which is able to compare the given course x * with the actual x and, depending on the resulting misalignment, change the position of the rudders.
Feedback systems are often said to be driven by error e (mismatch). If the link Kx (p) is an amplifier with a sufficiently large gain, then under certain conditions imposed on the transfer function K2 (p) of the rest of the path, the closed system remains stable.
In this case, the error e in the steady state mode can be made arbitrarily small. It is enough for it to appear at the input of the amplifier Kx (p) so that a sufficiently large voltage u is formed at its output, which automatically compensates for the interference and provides such a value of x at which the difference e = x * -x would be sufficiently small. The slightest increase in e causes a disproportionately larger increase in u. Therefore, any (within practical limits) interference z can be compensated and, moreover, with an arbitrarily small value of the error e, a shunting path with a large gain is often called deep.
Feedback in mixed systems also takes place during the functioning of complex systems consisting of objects of different nature, but acting purposefully. These are systems: an operator (man) and a machine, a teacher and a student, a lecturer and an audience, a man and a learning device.
In all these examples, we are dealing with a closed chain of influences. Through the feedback channels, the operator receives information about the nature of the functioning of the controlled machine, the trainer - information about the behavior of the student and the learning outcomes, etc. In all these cases, in the process of functioning, both the content of the information transmitted through the channels and the channels themselves change significantly.
the impact of a controlled process on a control, leading either to a positive feedback (can turn a stable state into an unstable one), or to a negative feedback that stabilizes the state.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
FEEDBACK,
the reverse effect of the results of the process on its course or the controlled process on the governing body. O. s. characterizes the systems of regulation and management in wildlife, society and technology. Distinguish between put. and denied. O. s. If the results of the process strengthen it, then O. s. is positive. When the results of the process weaken its effect, then it is denied. O. s. Negative. O. s. stabilizes the course of processes. Will put it down. O. page, on the contrary, usually leads to the accelerated development of processes. In complex systems (for example, in social, biological) the definition of types of O. s. difficult, and sometimes impossible. Sometimes O. s. in complex systems, they are considered as the transfer of information about the course of a process, on the basis of a swarm one or another control action is developed. In this case, O. s. called informational. O. concept of page. as a form of interaction plays an important role in the analysis of the functioning and development of complex control systems in living nature and society, in revealing the structure of the material unity of the world.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓