In the current Novomoskovsk district (Kremenchug was the provincial city); but already in the city, due to its unhealthy location, E. was moved to its present place and was named a provincial town. At first, E. was conceived by Potemkin, 50 miles in circumference, with streets 30 fathoms wide, with luxurious buildings, and a university. Empress Catherine II laid the first stone at the laying of the city's Transfiguration Cathedral. After Count Zubov moved the capital of Novorossiya to Voznesensk, Ye. Lost its significance. Under Emperor Paul I, Ye. Was renamed the provincial city of Novorossiysk. Emperor Alexander I in the city returned to the city its former name E.
City land 4699 dessiatines; inhabitants 80351, of which a newcomer population of 9962 souls, permanent 70384 (36292 men and 34,092 women). Cathedral and 6 parish churches, 8 brownies, 2 monasteries; Old Believer, Lutheran and Catholic churches; 12 synagogues; Karaite prayer house. Men's and women's gymnasiums, women's gymnasium, a real school with a meteorological station at it, a theological seminary, a religious school, a city 3-class school with a craft department (carpentry and turning, wallpaper and saddlery and shoemaking) and a popular course of medicine, city school of memory Pushkin, a city school at the Yekaterinoslav railway station, a free women's school with a handicraft course, men's and women's Sunday schools, a parish school, an orphanage, 2 foreign schools, a Karaite public school, 10 Jewish schools and 15 Talmud-tor and heders , 7 private schools. 4038 students in urban schools (2338 boys and girls). City hospital and almshouse, zemstvo: paramedic school, hospital for 200 beds, insane asylum for 650 people; free hospital for visitors, almshouse; 8 hospitals of other departments; 5 pharmacies; 50 doctors, 34 paramedics and paramedics, 30 midwives.
E. is a significant forest pier; unloads () up to 670 rafts, for the amount of up to 3740 thousand rubles; timber materials are released for 5 million rubles. Residents are given earnings by the load and rafting along the Dnieper of bread, forests and other goods and large industrial establishments. There are only 69 factories and plants in the city, with an annual production of 9 million rubles. and with 5-6 thousand workers. The main ones: Aleksandrovsky-Yuzhnorossiysk rail-rolling, iron-making and mechanical plant of the joint-stock company of Bryansk plants, with a production of 6 1/2 million rubles; 7 steam mills, with a production capacity of 850 1/2 thousand rubles; a pipe-rolling plant, with a production value of 1/2 million rubles; 2 tobacco factories, for 440 thousand rubles; 4 factories for iron foundries and agricultural implements, for 311 thousand rubles; 9 steam sawmills, for 132 1/2 thousand rubles; 4 breweries and mead breweries, for 105 thousand rubles. Total trade and industrial establishments, large and small, 904. 3 fairs; the main of them brings goods worth 275 thousand rubles, sold for 213 thousand rubles. Trade items: livestock, bread, sheep's wool.
Departments of the state noble land and peasant land banks, city public bank, commercial bank, mutual credit society of the provincial zemstvo, postal savings bank. City budget: revenues 324 thousand rubles, expenses 349 thousand rubles, arrears 114 thousand rubles, debts 112 thousand rubles, annually on loans 17 1/2 thousand rubles. It is spent: 36 thousand rubles for the maintenance of the city public administration, 28 thousand rubles for public education, 3 thousand rubles for generally useful and charitable institutions, 4 thousand rubles for the medical unit. Societies: E. doctors, guardianship of women's education, with a commission of public readings, charitable with many branch institutions, mutual assistance of clerks. Branch of the Imperial Russian Society of Horticulture. 2 libraries, 4 printing houses. The former palace of Potemkin, now the house of the E. nobility; a monument to Empress Catherine II, a public garden on the banks of the Dnieper; another public garden was bequeathed to the city by the Cossack Globoi, to whom a monument was erected in the garden. Wonderful railway bridge across the Dnieper.
Yekaterinoslavsky district occupies the southwestern part of the province, representing a somewhat raised, flat surface of crystalline rocks with a thick loamy-chernozem cover; it is cut from west to east by hills forming the well-known Dnieper rapids for 70 versts. The Dnieper River bends around the county from the north, east and south, making up the natural border of the county on three sides; in the west, the Bazavluk River separates the Yezd from the Kherson province. All the rivers of the district are the Dnieper systems. In the lower reaches of the Dnieper, in the south of the uyezd, there are "plavni" and a significant swampy island, with shrubs and hayfields - "Great Meadow". Space for military topographic surveys 6905 sq. versts; according to the Central Statistical Committee (excluding lakes and estuaries) 6611 sq. versts or 670435 dessiatines; according to Strelbitsky - 688687 dessiatines; according to zemstvo data - 644,748 3/4 dessiatines. Convenient land 616187 dessiatines; uncomfortable 28,562 tithes. The total forest is 41,474 tithes; of these, the treasury has 2,611 dessiatines, private individuals have 30,219 dessiatines, rural communities have 8544 dessiatines, and the cities have 100 dessiatines. Rural societies own 231,369 dessiatines, noble landowners 227,302 dessiatines, German villagers 108238 dessiatines, peasants (personally) 26,676 dessiatines, merchants 18,275 dessiatines, the treasury 8356 dessiatines, the bourgeoisie 7906 dessiatines, towns 2302 dessiatines, 4642 dessiatines for the clergy, and 9,780 dessiatines for the clergy.
Inhabitants in the county are 187652, of which: newcomer population 7750, permanent 179902 (91,267 men and 88,635 women). By religion (together with the city): 84.1% Orthodox, 0.4% schismatics, 2.15% Catholics, 6.4% Lutherans, 0.2% Armenian Gregorians, 6.6% Jews, 0.15% Mohammedan. The rural population (148,540 souls of both sexes) is located in 198 settlements - one town, 43 villages, 117 villages, 31 colonies, 6 farms. The peasants rent 2,825 dessiatines of state quitrent articles and up to 70 thousand dessiatines from private landowners. The sown area of the county is 370 thousand dessiatines. The main occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and cattle breeding. Melon growing and horticulture - only for local needs. 2 vineyards owned by landowners, for a total of 20 acres, and 130 vineyards, ranging in size from 75 sq. fathoms up to 3 acres - among the German villagers and peasants. It turns out more than 3 thousand buckets of grape wine for sale and up to a thousand buckets for local consumption. 111 tobacco plantations. Beekeeping is mainly carried out by peasants on the Dnieper floodplains. Cattle breeding, especially fine-wool sheep breeding, is declining due to crop failures and epizootics. There are 77 thousand cattle, 56 thousand horses, 286 thousand sheep (212 thousand of them fine-fleece), 22 thousand pigs, 1 1/2 thousand goats. Extraction of natural resources of the county, especially manganese ore. Of the trades, the most widespread are: economy work, on the docks of the Dnieper, pilotage, i.e., conducting ships through the Dnieper rapids, blacksmithing and locksmithing, carriage and woodworking, leatherworking and furrier, pottery, cooper's and carpentry. Total commercial and industrial establishments, large and small, 617. Factories and plants 57, with a production in the amount of 7700 thousand rubles. and 4-5 thousand workers; the largest of them is rail rolling, iron-making and mechanical. Kamensk plant of the Yuzhno-Russian Dnieper Metallurgical Society, with a production of 6195 thousand rubles. 10 steam mills, with production for 626 thousand rubles; 11 factories of iron foundries and agricultural implements, for 455 thousand rubles. 49 fairs; goods are brought for 2275 1/2 thousand rubles, sold for 1/2 thousand rubles; especially significant fairs in the town of Nikopol.
51 churches; 71 schools with 3557 students of both genders; of them 5 schools M.N. Pr. and 45 rural rural schools. There are 432 students in ministerial schools (364 boys, 68 girls), in zemstvo schools 2462 (2392 boys and 370 girls). The maintenance of zemstvo schools costs 16,190 rubles; in addition, the zemstvo allocates 300 rubles to one ministerial school. 13 parochial schools and 8 literacy schools, 663 students. Of the German schools, two are 2-grade. 8 hospitals, including 6 zemstvo hospitals; 4 reception rooms; 16 doctors, 28 paramedics and paramedics, 12 midwives, including 6 zemstvo doctors, 21 paramedics and paramedics, 5 midwives; 2 veterinarians. Zemsky fees 137 1/2 thousand rubles; of which 32 thousand rubles are spent on medicine, 12 thousand rubles on public education, 11 thousand rubles on the maintenance of the county government. In the town of Nikopol and 2 villages of the district, postal and telegraph savings banks have been opened. The Catherine railway runs along the northern part of the county. Three crossings across the Dnieper river. Literature - see E. province.
A. Murashkintsev.
our city has changed its name more than once / Photo from open sources
It seems that Dnipropetrovsk is just one step away from becoming simply the Dnieper. On February 15, the Verkhovna Rada's Committee on State Building, Regional Policy and Local Self-Government approved the initiative to rename Dnepropetrovsk to Dnepr as part of the implementation of the notorious law on decommunization. There is only one step left before the official approval of the name "Dnepr", which the Rada intends to take in the near future.
Maxim Kavun, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. years, from 1917 to 1926, writes gorod.dp.ua.
In July it will be 90 years as the city is called Dnepropetrovsk
In July 2016, it will be 90 years since the day when the city of Yekaterinoslav officially received a new name - Dnepropetrovsk, - says Maxim Kavun. - Today's heated discussions around the new name of the city are in many ways reminiscent of the events of almost a century ago. But the post-revolutionary epic of renaming was not the first in the history of our city. Let's remember how it was ...
The city on the Dnieper was Yekaterinoslav for 127 years and Novorossiysk for five years
On the territory of modern Dnepropetrovsk for a thousand years there have been several urban-type settlements, the names of which have been preserved in historical sources. However, the most ancient city, which discovered the urbanistic tradition on the site of our metropolis, did not retain its name. This is an ancient Russian city of Slavs-ulcers, which existed in the VIII-XIII centuries on the left bank of the Dnieper, at the mouth of the Samara, and was then destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars. Its excavations have been going on since the 1940s. In 2008 V. Binkevich and V. Kameko put forward an interesting hypothesis that this is the town of Peresecheni, known from the chronicles. Other scientists localize Peresechen 'from the Dnieper region to Moldova, so the question remains open.
In the late Middle Ages, a number of urban settlements existed in the area of present-day Dnepropetrovsk: Samar, Kodak, New Kodak, as well as a significant number of rural settlements: Polovitsa, Lotsmanskaya Kamenka, Diyevka, Sukhachevka and others.
Founded at the end of the 18th century, Yekaterinoslav received its name "from above" by the orders of the supreme power. This established the tendency according to which the city received its names according to the decisions of the supreme governing bodies. The opinion of the townspeople themselves was little taken into account. Unfortunately, this practice has proven to be very sustainable.
Yekaterinoslav was officially called so for a total of 127 years (1776-1797, 1802-1926). For the first time Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776 on the left bank of the Dnieper as the provincial center of the Azov province (now the territory of the village of Samarovka). The name of the city was chosen by Grigory Potemkin. This name "Yekaterinoslav" was first mentioned in writing in the spring of 1776: in the report on April 23, 1776 p. Azov Governor Vasily Chertkov G.A. Potemkin, where there is such a phrase: "a project for the construction of the provincial city of Yekaterinoslav on the Kilchen River, not far from its confluence with the Samara River, with the underlying plan, profiles, facades and estimates." In the same year, the construction of the city began, and it existed until 1784. Then the construction was officially transferred to the right bank of the Dnieper. The decree of Empress Catherine II on January 22, 1784 says: "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be on the right side of the Dnieper River near Kaidak for the best convenience ..." (meaning New Kodak). On May 9 (20), 1787, the official ceremony of laying the foundation of the city and the Transfiguration Cathedral took place. The construction of the city later took place on the territory of the Polovitsa settlement.
The etymology of the toponym "Yekaterinoslav" is being actively discussed. So far, no official document of the end of the 18th century has been found that would clearly explain the origin of this name. Traditionally, it is believed that Yekaterinoslav got its name in honor of Empress Catherine II. Now a version has arisen and is finding more and more supporters that the name of the city contains the name of the heavenly patroness of Catherine II, the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Both versions are based on little more than guesswork. In the "Outline of the city of Yekaterinoslav" (October 6, 1786) G.A. Potemkin wrote: "Most merciful Empress, where is it, as in a country dedicated to your glory, to be a city of magnificent buildings; and therefore I undertook projects worthy of this lofty city name." However, this phrase does not clarify anything, because, when founding the city in honor of the Empress, it could have been named after the patron saint of Catherine II.
Interesting fact
It is interesting that in the 18th century, unlike the Soviet era, objects were usually not named after living people, but only in honor of heavenly patrons. Let us remember that St. Petersburg has the prefix "Saint" (German for saint) because it was named after St. Peter, perfectly understanding the allusion to Peter the Great. This logic could have been laid down in the name of Yekaterinoslav. In any case, this question awaits further research.
Why Yekaterinoslav became Novorossiysk
Yekaterinoslav changed his name only once, and then also by the "highest" will. As is often the case with us, what elevated in one regime creates problems in another. Ironically, the "royal name" of the city began to be perceived as a complete sedition under the new autocrat. The city on the Dnieper "suffered" during the "purge" of Catherine's heritage, organized by Paul I during his short reign (1796-1801). A year after the death of Catherine II, on December 22, 1797, by the decree of her son, Yekaterinoslav was renamed Novorossiysk.
Why Novorossiysk? Pavel merged into one Novorossiysk province the Yekaterinoslav viceroyalty and the Tauride region, and made Novorossiysk the center of this province and the entire region (until 1802). In March 1801, Paul I was killed. The new emperor, Alexander I (son of Paul and grandson of Catherine II) in 1802 returned his name to the city, made it the center of the Yekaterinoslav province (albeit in a smaller size than Novorossiysk province).
On this, the vicissitudes with the names ended for a long time. With the name "Yekaterinoslav", the city was formed as an industrial center of the region, went through a revolution and saw the beginning of Soviet power. It is significant that at the beginning of the 20th century, when "revolutionary whirlwinds" were already felt, there was a consensus in the city community of Yekaterinoslav about the name of the city. No proposals for renaming were received until 1917.
The name "Sicheslav" was used in books and newspapers
The social demand for changing the name of the city on the Dnieper appeared with the beginning of the revolution in 1917. However, contrary to all the legends circulated in the media, there was no official procedure for renaming the city during the years of the revolution.
Some of the cultural and political forces that advocated the revival of Ukrainian statehood proposed to call Yekaterinoslav "Sicheslav". The origins of this initiative have not been studied for certain; scientists have yet to do it. It is not even known the exact date when this proposal was put forward. In September 1919, the Kiev newspaper "Rada" announced that "Katerinoslav by the Ukrainian teachers' association was renamed to" Sicheslav. " And "Ukrainian zalna encyclopedia" (1931) and "Encyclopedia of ukrainiannoznavstva" (1976) give evidence: "Sicheslav, named Katerinoslav in 1918", that is, even during the reign of Hetman Skoropadsky. Writer Yar Slavutich noted that the name "Sicheslav" was allegedly invented by Dmitry Yavornitsky himself.
During the Civil War, our city passed from hand to hand at least 19 times. Therefore, legally, there could be no question of any legitimate change of the city name. In reality, the name "Sicheslav" existed in local Ukrainian publications, books were published with the inscription "Ukrainian Vidavnitsvo in Sicheslav". In particular, such a series of books was published by the famous writer and public figure A.F. Kashchenko. After the revolution, the name "Sicheslav" was used mainly in the circles of the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA and Canada, and for many decades it became an ideological symbol of belonging to the Ukrainian identity in Dnepropetrovsk. In the era of perestroika and now part of the Dnipropetrovsk organizations, newspapers and magazines in the Ukrainian language are called "Sicheslavskie".
With the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks, the city remained Yekaterinoslav. At first, attempts to put forward alternative names, including "Sicheslav", were perceived by the authorities with caution. However, "Sicheslav" remained popular among part of the literary community. For example, in July 1921 in Yekaterinoslav a literary collection with the characteristic title "Vir of Revolution" was published, which was published by V. Polishchuk and V. Pidmogilny with Professor P. Efremov. The text of the collection contained the opinion of the authors with the ideological justification for the renaming of the city: the rejection of the imperial past and, at the same time, idealistic allusions to the communist beginning in the Zaporizhzhya Sich: “It's time for us to glorify the rozpusny kata of the Ukrainian people, Tsarina Katerina II, by the name of our city. the land that is our place, it was a spirited commune, de and earth, and bows, and catch, and from one boiler - everything was buoyant, communal. "
Yekaterinoslav could become "Leninoslav" and "Krasnodneprovsky"
In the first years of Soviet power, the name "Yekaterinoslav" continued to exist by inertia, but even then it was considered an anachronism. The search for a new name for the city began. On August 14, 1923, the city council announced a competition for a new name for the city, as the announcement said, inviting "the best forces." Soon a version of the new name was invented, which was not distinguished by great originality. In January 1924, the 8th Provincial Congress of Soviets adopted a "Resolution on Renaming the City of Yekaterinoslav". The document consisted of just a few words: “to petition the Center for the assignment of the city of Yekaterinoslav the name“ Krasnodneprovsk ”and the province of“ Krasnodneprovskaya. ”This initiative was not a decision, but only a proposal.
On February 17, 1924, the Provincial Executive Committee was forced to issue an explanation in the newspaper Zvezda: “Due to the existing legal provisions, the final resolution of issues related to the renaming of settlements depends on the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee. the center of the relevant application ... ".
Interestingly, this practice is very similar to the current situation, when the representations of local councils have no direct force, and they are approved by the Verkhovna Rada. Unfortunately, the norms of direct democracy, such as a local referendum, were ignored both a hundred years ago and now, although today's toponymic reforms are being carried out formally with the aim of abandoning the practice of the Soviet period. There is a deep contradiction in this. As you can see, according to the legislation of that time, local authorities did not have the right to resolve such issues, and the final decision remained with the central authorities. The "Center" did not appreciate the unbridled zeal of the local Bolsheviks. An attempt to rename 1924 failed.
However, the idea of renaming Yekaterinoslav quickly "went to the masses." An epic began with proposals for new names. Mostly very exotic proposals were born locally. For example, meetings of workers' collectives offered such options - Leninoslav, Metallist, Krasnoslav, Krasno-Rursk. (The Ruhr is the largest mining region in Germany, a kind of "synonym" for Donbass and Kryvbas). However, none of these proposals have been implemented.
In 1926 the city was renamed "Dnepro-Petrovsky"
In the mid-1920s, a new version of the name of the city on the Dnieper was invented. It all began in October 1925, when the head of the city executive committee and district executive committee Ivan Gavrilov, speaking at the city plenum, proposed to petition the allied authorities to rename the city. The plenum supported this idea and brought it up for discussion by regional authorities. From May 3 to May 8, 1926, the "3rd District Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers' Deputies of Yekaterinoslavshchyna" was held in the city. On it the head of the regional executive committee I.A. Gavrilov reported on "hundreds of letters" coming from workers with "recommendations" to rename the city. This congress on May 5, 1926 adopted a resolution to rename the city of Yekaterinoslav into a city ... Dnepro-Petrovsky.
The city was invented a "compound" name - from the name of the Dnieper River and the surname of Grigory Petrovsky (1878-1958) - a politician who began his career at the Bryansk plant in Yekaterinoslav (later - the plant named after Petrovsky). At that time, Petrovsky was the nominal leader of the Soviet Ukraine (in 1919-1938). His official position was called "Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee", unofficially he was called "All-Ukrainian headman".
The reaction of G.I. Petrovsky on renaming the city in his honor was rather restrained. He personally attended the meeting of the 3rd District Congress (in the building of the current Gorky Theater). Without hiding his excitement, he made a long speech, with the following words: "Comrades, you have decided to break with the bad monarchist past, which is associated with the name of Yekaterinoslav, where the workers and peasants shed a lot of blood in the struggle against reaction. I did not think that my proletarian work could rise to such a high honor when a large city will be called my name, the workers and peasants of which have glorious proletarian traditions in the struggle against the monarchist bourgeois regime. honor. I will work with you to the best of my ability to fulfill the historic tasks entrusted to us. " Thus, Petrovsky lived with "his" city for 32 years, until his death in 1958.
The highly controversial and, in my opinion, vicious practice of naming settlements after living persons has been widespread in the Soviet era since the 1920s. In this sense, the renaming of Yekaterinoslav was in line with the general trend. For example, Elisavetgrad in 1924 changed its name to Zinovievsk, and when this party leader left the favor, the city was renamed Kirovo, then Kirovograd (in 1934). The working village of Yuzovka, which quickly grew into a city, began to be called Stalino in 1924, and only in 1961 it received the name Donetsk.
Thus, the renaming of our city in 1926 was legally formalized by the decision of the highest regional authority - the district congress. Of course, there was no question of any city referendum. This decision was "pushed through" by the authorities, and we will never know about the reaction to the renaming of the majority of the urban population.
This time, the initiative from below was fully approved by the highest allied authorities. The decision of the local congress was approved by the Presidium of the All-Ukrainian CEC (Central Executive Committee), and on July 20, 1926 - by the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR. The last act became decisive, therefore, the countdown of the "Dnipropetrovsk history" has been going on from that very day. True, in the final resolution, the name of the city was submitted to the editorial office of "Dnepropetrovsk".
The decree on July 20, 1926 said: "The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR decides: to rename the city of Yekaterinoslav in the city of Dnepropetrovsk, the Yekaterinoslav station in the Dnepropetrovsk station." The document was signed by the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR M.I. Kalinin and the secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A.S. Yenukidze.
The name "Dnepropetrovsk" has become a political and technological brand
The renaming of the city gave rise to a number of toponymic collisions associated with the complex structure of the new name and its translation into Ukrainian. In the era of Ukrainization in the 1920s. official documents were drawn up primarily in Ukrainian. In Ukrainian, "city" is neuter. Therefore, at first the city was called "the place of Dnipro-Petrovske". Since the beginning of the 1930s, a continuous spelling - "Dnipropetrovske" has been used. After the collapse of Ukrainization in the early 1930s, the name of the city was established, and in the Ukrainian language the city was called as everyone now knows "Dnipropetrovsk".
The complex phrase from the name of the Dnieper River and the surname of the "All-Ukrainian headman" Petrovsky was quite difficult for the townspeople. However, almost a century passed, and this name also became historical, personifying the vicissitudes of the urban history of the XX century.
During the German occupation, Dnepropetrovsk retained its name. The occupational organ in Dnepropetrovsk came out from 1941 to 1943 under the name "Dnipropetrovskaya Gazeta".
In the second half of the twentieth century, in everyday communication, the name of the big city "Dnepropetrovsk" was reduced to "Dnepr" and became similar to the name of the river. Traditional neologisms have developed: "I was in the Dnieper", "I myself am from the Dnieper", "I came from the Dnieper". In the second half of the 20th century, the name "Dnepropetrovsk" became a technological and political "brand". Under this name, the city was known as a "forge of personnel" for Ukraine and the entire USSR and as a world-famous center of the rocket and space industry.
Since the late 1980s - early 1990s, for thirty years now, there has been an active discussion about the renaming of Dnepropetrovsk. The media competed to propose a more original name for the city: rename it Sicheslav, return Yekaterinoslav, name it Dneproslav, Kodak, Polovitsa, even Makhnograd or Yavornitsky. In the mid-nineties of the XX century, the issue of renaming the city came to naught, and gained special relevance again only in 2014. I would like, of course, that the issue of the name of our city was decided not by the supreme authorities, as it was in the last 200 years, but by the city community represented by all its citizens in a democratic way, "concludes Maxim Kavun.
... But, as we can see, on a new round of further democratization of our society, in the issue of renaming the city instead of its inhabitants, the decision was again made "at the top". How much this corresponds to European traditions and real democracy, everyone has the right to speculate for himself.
Photo from the personal archive of Maxim Kavun
Dnipropetrovsk(Ukrainian Dnipropetrovsk); the original name was Yekaterinoslav (1776-1797; 1802-1926), in 1797-1802 Novorossiysk was a city, the regional center of the Dnepropetrovsk region of Ukraine, the center of the Dnepropetrovsk agglomeration. The third city in terms of population in Ukraine after Kiev and Kharkov. Dnepropetrovsk is one of the largest industrial, economic and transport centers, the center of metallurgy and the space capital of Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy, metalworking, mechanical engineering and other heavy industries are especially developed.
History
The area in which modern Dnepropetrovsk is located has been inhabited by humans since Paleolithic times. Waves of conquerors periodically devastated it - the last time in the 13th century during the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The region began to be settled again after 
the formation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich in the 16th century: Cossack kurens, farms, villages and towns began to appear here. The most famous in the city and in the vicinity are Samar (Old Samar). known from the 1st half of the 16th century - now on the outskirts of the Shevchenko village at the mouth of Samara and Kodak (Polish fortress, known since 1635 and a settlement near it). Later, New Kaidak arose (the center of the Kodatskaya palanca of Zaporozhye, at one time it served as a provincial city), and on the site of Samara in 1688 - the first Russian colony of Novobogoroditsk with the Bogoroditsk fortress on the Zaporozhye lands. In 1775, the Zaporozhye Cossacks were finally liquidated, and its lands became directly part of the Russian Empire. In 1776, a provincial center was founded by the decree of Catherine II to manage the annexed lands. In her honor, the city was named Yekaterinoslav. Initially, the new provincial city was founded on the Kilchen River at its confluence with Samara. However, the city did not exist here for long due to the unfortunate geographical location in the swamp and frequent floods.
On January 22, 1784, a decree was issued on the founding of the second Yekaterinoslav on the Dnieper River, which, according to the original plan, was to become the “Third Capital of the Russian Empire”. The city was officially founded during the visit of Catherine II, who, on May 9, 1787, laid the foundation stone for the construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral.
However, the location of the center (on a hill) of the new city, again turned out to be not very successful, there were difficulties with water supply, so the city center began to move to the west, to the lowland, to the Dnieper, where the Cossack settlement Polovitsa, known since 1747, was located. Gradually, the Cossack settlement was absorbed by Yekaterinoslav and now it is the center of modern Dnepropetrovsk.
Despite the grandiose plans and enthusiasm of the governor of the region, Grigory Potemkin, to transform Yekaterinoslav into the third capital of the Russian Empire, after his death and the death of Catherine II, as well as due to a lack of funds in the treasury, the development of the city slowed down. Of the large enterprises, only a cloth manufactory was built, founded in 1794.
Yekaterinoslav
By the end of the 18th century, there were 11 stone houses in the city, incl. Potemkin's palace, and 185 wooden houses, and the population was about 6 thousand people.
In 1796, by the decree of the new Emperor Paul, the city of Yekaterinoslav was renamed Novorossiysk, but in 1802 the old name was returned to the city.
In the 19th century, the population of the city continued to increase slowly and in 1853 it was already more than 13 thousand people; in 1862 there were 315 stone houses in the city, 3060 wooden houses, and in addition to the cloth factory, there were various factories - iron foundry, brick, candle, soap, salotop and leather factories.
In 1873, a railway line was laid on the left bank from Kharkov through Sinelnikovo to Nizhnedneprovsk, and 11 years later a bridge was built across the Dnieper and a railway station was opened in Yekaterinoslav itself on the right bank. The Catherine Railway connected the coal mines of Donbass with the iron ore of Kryvbass, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the provincial town and the region as a whole.
With the active participation of French and German capital, a number of large metallurgical plants appeared in the city and its environs, which are still operating today. The locomotive depot of Yekaterinoslav became the largest in the south of the Russian Empire.
The population of the city, mainly due to migrants, has grown sharply: if in 1865 the population of the city was 22.8 thousand people, then in 1897 there were already more than 121 thousand people. The majority were Russians (42%), Jews (35%) and Ukrainians (16%). Yekaterinoslav became one of the largest industrial centers of the Russian Empire. In the same year, an electric tram was launched in Yekaterinoslav - the third in the Russian Empire, after Kiev and Nizhny Novgorod. A number of public, educational and cultural institutions appeared in the city.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city continued to grow rapidly, industry and trade developed, the population grew, which doubled by 1910 and amounted to 252.5 thousand people. In 1914, the construction of the second railway bridge across the Dnieper began (completed in 1932).
In 1918, under Hetman Skoropadsky, the first university in the city was opened.
In 1918-1919, the city was unofficially called Sicheslav (there was no decision of the authorities to rename, the initiative belonged to several cultural organizations). After the establishment of Soviet power, until 1926, it again bore the name Yekaterinoslav.
During the years of the civil war, the city more than once became the arena of battles - in October 1919 it was captured by detachments of the Makhnovists, and on November 25, power in the city passed to the units of Denikin's White Army. In December 1919, Soviet power was finally established in Yekaterinoslav.
In 1926 the city was renamed and began to bear its current name - Dnepropetrovsk.
During the first five-year plans, the city was revived and further developed.
However, on July 22, 1941, a war with Nazi Germany began, and on August 25, 1941 it was occupied by German units. Later Dnepropetrovsk became the center of one of the six districts of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
After the Great Patriotic War, Dnepropetrovsk was restored and again became one of the most important industrial centers of the USSR - now the largest enterprise of the rocket and space industry appeared here - the Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant.
The city developed. New enterprises, residential (sleeping) areas appeared on the outskirts. By the end of the 1970s, the population of Dnepropetrovsk exceeded 1 million inhabitants (including thanks to the annexation of the neighboring towns of Igren and Pridneprovsk) and a decision was made to build a subway.
However, due to the crisis phenomena that have manifested themselves since the late 1980s, the development of the city has slowed down, and the population has begun to decline. And now new large enterprises are practically not being created, housing construction is limited to the construction of individual elite complexes, and urban public transport is practically destroyed.
Geography
Dnepropetrovsk is located in the central part of Ukraine on both banks of the middle Dnieper in the steppe zone. The right-bank part is located on the spurs of the Dnieper Upland - mainly on 4 hills, delimited by gullies (yars) with streams. The left-bank part is low-lying, in the west it is indented by elongated lakes - the remains of ancient Protovcha. Within the city limits, the Orel (channel) and Samara rivers flow into the Dnieper. Geographic coordinates of the city Coordinates: 48 ° 27′53 ″ s. NS. 35 ° 02′46 ″ in. d. (G) 48 ° 27′53 ″ s. NS. 35 ° 02′46 ″ in. etc. (G)
Dnipropetrovsk region is located in the southeastern part of Ukraine, in the middle and lower reaches of the Dnieper. In the north it borders on the Poltava and Kharkiv regions, in the east - on the Donetsk region, in the south - on the Kherson and Zaporozhye regions, and in the west - on the Nikolaev and Kirovograd regions. The region is divided into 20 districts, has 19 cities, incl. 10 regions of subordination, 54 urban-type settlements, 1452 rural settlements. Favorable geographical position, significant deposits of minerals, location in the physical and geographical zone, favorable soil and climatic conditions, dense transport network contribute to the development of the economic complex of the region. On the territory of the Dnipropetrovsk region there are 123 nature reserves (total area 13.5 thousand hectares), incl. 15 state reserves, three natural monuments.
Administrative divisions
Since pre-revolutionary times, there has been a division of the city into natural parts: workers' settlements, villages. which eventually became part of the city, residential areas and microdistricts. In total, there are several dozen such parts.
Population
Ethnic composition
- Ukrainians 2625.8 thousand 69.3%
- Russians 827.5 thousand 27.6%
- Belarusians 29.5 thousand 0.8%
- Jews 13.7 thousand 0.4%
- Armenians 10.6 thousand 0.3%
- Azerbaijanis 5.6 thousand 0.2%
ClimateThe city of Dnepropetrovsk is located in the southeastern part of Ukraine on both banks of the Dnieper. In general, the climate of the city is moderately continental with mild winters and warm (sometimes sultry) summers.
The average annual air temperature is 8.5 ° C, the lowest in January (minus 5.5 ° C), the highest in July (21.3 ° C)
The lowest average monthly air temperature in January (minus 14.5 ° С) was recorded in 1950, the highest (1.5 ° С) - in 2007.The lowest average monthly temperature in July (18.4 ° С) was observed in 1976, the highest (25.6 ° С) - in 1936.The absolute minimum air temperature (minus 38.2 ° С) was recorded on January 11, 1940, the absolute maximum (40.1 ° С) - August 10, 1930 d. In the last 100-120 years, the air temperature in Dnepropetrovsk, as well as on the Earth as a whole, has a tendency to increase. During this period, the average annual air temperature increased by at least 1.0 ° C. The warmest for the entire observation period was 2007. The highest temperature increase occurred in the first half of the year. On average, 513 mm of atmospheric precipitation falls in Dnepropetrovsk per year, least of all in March and October, most of all in June and July.
The minimum annual precipitation (273 mm) was observed in 1951, the maximum (881 mm) - in 1960. The maximum daily precipitation (82 mm) was recorded on August 23, 1960. On average, 127 days with precipitation are observed in the city per year; the least of them (7 each) in August and October, most of all (16) - in December. Snow cover forms annually in Dnepropetrovsk (December-February, sometimes November-March), but its height is insignificant; thaws are not uncommon.
The relative air humidity averages 74% per year, the lowest (61%) in August, the highest (89%) in December.
The smallest cloudiness is observed in August, the greatest - in December.
Winds from the north have the highest frequency in the city, and winds from the north-west and south-west have the lowest frequency.
The highest wind speed is in January-February, the lowest is in summer. In January, it averages 5.4 m / s, in July - 3.7 m / s.
The average number of days with thunderstorms per year is 22, hail - 5, snow - 53.
Economy
Dnepropetrovsk is one of the largest industrial, economic and transport centers, the center of metallurgy in Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy is especially developed (metallurgical plants named after Petrovsky, named after Babushkin, Dnepropetrovsk pipe plant, Kominmet, Nizhnedneprovsky pipe plant), metalworking and mechanical engineering (Dnepropetrovsk is the center of rocket engineering of Ukraine - PO YuMZ).
The food industry is known for such brands as Oleina, Alan, Favorit, Yubileiny, Kozatska rozvaga, Bon Boisson, Millennium chocolate, Rainford dairy factory, Pridneprovsky dairy plant ", Fish products" Iceberg ", vodka" Stoletov ", vodka" Karat ". Back in 1937, the Dnepropetrovsk food concentrates plant was launched in the city - the first in the USSR producer of corn flakes.
The largest enterprises in other industries are the Heavy Presses Plant, Dneproshina OJSC, a car repair plant, and a radio plant.
Many Soviet-built enterprises have now fallen into decay, mainly due to the lack of demand and uncompetitiveness of their products. Metallurgical plants survived the perestroika better than others.
In the construction business, the largest enterprises are Sozidatel, Master, Olvia, Alef.
Banking is developed (in Dnepropetrovsk is the head office of the largest bank in Ukraine - PrivatBank), trade - here is the largest food market in Ukraine - Ozerka, as well as many shopping centers - Rainford, Karavan, Metro, New Line , Epicenter, ATB, Terra / Varus, Olivier, Velyka Kishenya, Bolshaya Lozhka, Silpo, Billa retail chain stores.
In Dnepropetrovsk, the directorate of the Pridneprovskaya railway of Ukrzaliznytsia is located. 
Transport
Since December 29, 1995, the Dnepropetrovsk metro has been operating, when the 1st stage of 6 stations was commissioned: Kommunarovskaya, Prospekt Svobody, Zavodskaya, Metallurgov, Metrostroiteley, Vokzalnaya. The total length of the operated line is 7.8 km. Now under construction on the 1st metro line from the central railway station to the city center there are two stations: Teatralnaya and Tsentralnaya.
In the future, the total length of the first line will be 11.8 km with 9 stations. The development of the metro provides for the construction of up to 80 km of tracks with three lines in the future.
The length of the routes is (ring distance):
tram - 176.9 km
trolleybus - 412.6 km
metro - 7.9 km
road transport - 2410 km
Also in Dnepropetrovsk there are: two passenger railway stations (Central and Yuzhny), an international airport, river and bus stations (central bus station and New Center bus station).
Bridges
- Amur (Old) Bridge - built by 1884. Railway-automobile, tram line (since 1935). Bridge length: 1 395 m, with approaches 2397 m, width
- Novy Most, 15.5 m. Connects the railway station area with the left-bank part of the city. In 1977 a backup of the railway bridge - Bridge No. 5 was commissioned.
- Tsentralny (Novy), Bridge No. 2 - an automobile bridge connecting the city center with the left-bank part (exit to Pravdy avenue.). Opened November 5, 1966; its length is 1478 m, width is 21 m. It was built on the site of a wooden one, erected by soldiers of the Soviet army in 1944. For a long time this bridge was the longest in Ukraine ..
- Merefo-Kherson railway bridge is the very first bridge built in the shape of an arc. The first piers were erected in 1914, but the construction was completed only in 1932. This bridge is still one of the most unique structures in Ukraine.
- Kaydak Bridge - opened on November 10, 1982. Length 1732 m, 3-lane traffic in both directions. On December 17, 1996, a tram was launched in its center. It connects the western regions of the right bank with the left bank and the highway to Kharkov and Donetsk.
- South Bridge - Built in stages from 1982 to 1993 and from 1998 to 2000. Opened in December 2000. The length is 1248 meters, the width is 22 meters. It connects Pridneprovsk directly with the right bank (Pobeda railway station).
- Ust-Samara bridge is a road bridge. Built in 1981. It connects Pridneprovsk, Chapli and Igren with the left bank.
- Samara (Igrensky) bridge - automobile (built in 1957) and railway (commissioned back in 1873). It connects Igren with the left-bank part of the city.
- Evpatoria overpass - automobile overpass - connects Geroev Stalingrada street with Topol residential area and Zaporozhye highway.
- Pedestrian bridge to Monastyrsky Island
Education, culture
In 2003, there were 158 general education schools in the city.
In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Informatics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.
In 2008, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Mathematics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.
In 2009, Dnepropetrovsk hosted the semifinals of the All-Ukrainian Student Programming Olympiad (eastern region).
Universities
There are 14 state higher educational institutions and several private ones in the city (excluding branches of other universities):
- Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University
- National Mining University
- National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine
- Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology
- Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs (former Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Law Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)
- Pridneprovsk State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture (former DISI)
- Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after ac. Lazaryan (former DIIT)
- Dnipropetrovsk Agrarian University
- Dnipropetrovsk State Financial Academy
- Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law
- Academy of the Customs Service of Ukraine
- Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sports
- Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy
- Dnipropetrovsk Institute of the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management
- Dnipropetrovsk Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy of Public Administration under the President of Ukraine
Museums
- Dnepropetrovsk Historical Museum named after academician D.I. Yavornytsky is one of the largest museums in Ukraine
- Art
- Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper"
- House Museum of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky
- Museum "Literary Dnieper"
- Memorial House-Museum of Academician D. I. Yavornitsky
- Ukrainian Dnepropetrovsk Drama Theater. T. G. Shevchenko
- Dnepropetrovsk Academic Theater of Russian Drama. Gorky
- Dnepropetrovsk Opera and Ballet Theater
- Dnepropetrovsk Municipal Youth Theater "We Believe!"
- Dnepropetrovsk Regional Youth Theater "Chamber Stage"
- Dnipropetrovsk Municipal Theater of Actor and Puppet
- House of Chamber Music
- House of Organ and Chamber Music
- Children's Musical Theater "Golden Key"
- Theater of Mikhail Melnik "Scream"
- DGU KVN Theater
- Dnipropetrovsk Philharmonic
- Dnepropetrovsk circus
- Monastyrsky Island. Entrance from the Embankment or the park named after T.G. Shevchenko, or by cable car.
- The longest promenade in Europe. Along the right bank of the Dnieper, the length is over 23 km.
- Scythian "women" are the largest collection in Ukraine. Zhovtnevaya Square.
- Synagogue "Golden Rose"; next to build (2010) the largest Jewish center "Menorah" with a museum of the Holocaust. Gopner st.
- Bryansk Nikolaev Church, 1913-1915. Stone. Typical for the architecture of the early XX century. Kalinin Ave.
- Nicholas Church, 1807. Near the former wooden Nicholas Church in the town of Novy Kodak, in the style of classicism. The paintings of the 20th century have been preserved. (Oktyabryat st., 108).
- Transfiguration Cathedral, 1830-1835. Built according to the project of O. Zakharov. The historical center of the city - the cathedral was laid by Catherine II herself. According to the construction plan of 1786, the Transfiguration Cathedral was supposed to surpass the size of the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter. Zhovtnevaya Square.
- G. Potemkin's palace, 1786. Since 1961 it has been a palace of culture for students. (Park named after T.G. Shevchenko)
- Bogoroditskaya fortress (remnants of ramparts on the bank of Samara in Shevchenko village)
- Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper" (1975, authors - N. Ya. But, NV Ovechkin), viewing angle - 230 degrees, the area of the picturesque canvas - 840 m². Zhovtnevaya Square.
- Colored fountain at the Opera and Ballet Theater. Serov street
- The Swan Fountain at the New Bridge. Installed in 2005 on the Dnieper, a few meters from the coast. The jet height can be up to 50 m.
- Scythian burial mounds, about 12 thousand are officially registered in the region.
- Toy railway. In Globa Park. Opened in 1936.
- Ozerka Central Market is the largest food market in Ukraine.
Mass media, print editionsSocial and political publications of the Dnepropetrovsk region include: newspapers Sobytie, Dneprovskaya Pravda, Komsomolskaya Pravda - Dnepropetrovsk, Gazeta po-Dniprovski, Nashe Misto, Litsa, Popular newspaper, Left Bank (Dnepropetrovsk), and also one of the oldest and most popular newspapers in the region, the leader among independent national media - "Dnepr Vecherniy" (circulation over 245,000 copies)
Dnipropetrovsk news
City holidays
Day of the city. The holiday has been held since the 1970s. In 2001, the Charter of the city was adopted, which approved the official date for the Day of the City of Dnepropetrovsk - the second Sunday in September. On this day, festive events take place throughout the city and traditionally end on the embankment with festive fireworks.
Metropolis problems
- traffic jams (due to a sharp increase in the number of cars and fixed-route taxis after 2005), lack of discipline of drivers, neglect of traffic rules, especially by drivers of fixed-route taxis;
- problems with communications and utilities, such as snow removal;
- seizure of recreational areas in the city and suburbs by individuals;
- the problem of compliance with the rule of law and the related problem of corruption;
- high cost of housing and rent: the price of 1 m² of housing is 2-3 thousand US dollars (with the crisis since the end of 2008, it has declined);
- high crime rate, including street crime, typical for industrial centers;
- general stagnation in the development of the city - only the center and some areas in the districts are developing;
- stagnation in the construction of the metro - since 1995, after the start-up of the Vokzal-Kommunar section (6 stations), not a single station has been opened (the nearest stage - 1 or 2 stations to the city center - would relieve the center and use the metro more efficiently);
- passenger transportation: despite the extensive network of routes, the size of the vehicle fleet, fixed-route taxis cannot cope with the load during peak hours. Real alternative projects - a monorail, a high-speed tram (light metro), simply bringing the roads back to normal - have not yet been observed.
- the main producer of products in the city - metallurgical and other heavy industry enterprises have not undergone major reconstruction, which makes their products expensive and uncompetitive in foreign markets.
Ekaterinoslav, whose modern name is Dnepropetrovsk, was founded on May 22, 1787. today it is known for the longest embankment in all of Europe and the longest bridge in Ukraine. The name Yekaterinoslav was assigned to the settlement in honor of Empress Catherine II, she was also its founder. The settlement bore this name for the first nine years from the moment of its existence (1787-1796). And then two more times the city was called by the same name. This happened during 1802-1918 and 1919-1926.
On the left coast
Historical information says about the existence of two dates with which the birth of Yekaterinoslav is associated.
It is proved that the city of Yekaterinoslav was founded for the first time on the left bank of the mighty Dnieper. It happened on a river called Kilchen, just in the place where it merges with Samara. Hence the name Yekaterinoslav-Kilchensky came from. In this area, it was planned to lay not just an ordinary city, but a real fortress, which would be surrounded by swamps and forests. She had to become practically inaccessible to enemies. But later it turned out that it turned out to be just as practically unsuitable for habitation.
Thus, on April 16, 1776, a decree was announced, according to which, eight versts from the left bank of the Dnieper, the construction of Yekaterinoslav was to begin. Governor V. Chertkov personally took care of the site for construction work. The construction project was directed by N. Alekseev. According to his development, Yekaterinoslav (the modern name is Dnepropetrovsk) was supposed to consist of nine parishes. Each of them had its own area. Scholars suggest that it was intended for a market or church. Most of the buildings were to be constructed of wood. Deep waters also surrounded the future city.
The city as it was
By the summer of 1778, more than 50 structures had been built. These included: the office, the house of the provincial prosecutor, barracks, the church and the governor's house. There was also a pharmacy, a prison, and a house for boundary officers. Housing for priests, merchants and burghers was also fully suitable for living. Already in 1781 in Yekaterinoslav there was a post office, several churches, a bathhouse, an infirmary, schools, a court and a brick factory. At this stage, the fortified city boasted nearly 200 courtyards. The decree announced the almost complete completion of the construction of the settlement.
But a little time passed, and the city of Yekaterinoslav was overtaken by trouble - an epidemic of swamp malaria began. The doctor, who came from St. Petersburg itself, carried out a scrupulous and lengthy study. In the end, he stated that Yekaterinoslav-Kilchensky was absolutely not suitable for human settlement. The authorities decided to close the settlement and move the city itself to the right Dnieper bank.
So, Yekaterinoslav (the modern name is indicated above) lasted only eight years. After that, its status was downgraded to the county one and given the name Novomoskovsk. But by 1794, the new settlement also fell into complete decay. He was transferred to the village of Novoselitsa, which was located higher up Samara. Here and today there is a city called Novomoskovsk.
On the right bank
On the right Bank of the Dnieper, Aleksandrovich personally took care of the choice of a place for the new Yekaterinoslav. Many well-known engineers and architects helped him in this. According to the new plan, it was assumed that the center of the settlement would be located on Cathedral Hill. At that time there was nothing on it, only grass grew. There were no swamps in this area. It had a wonderful climate and an even better view of the steppes and the Dnieper. In a word, it was the absolute opposite of the places where Yekaterinoslav Kilchensky was founded.
Potemkin conceived a colossal project for the construction of a settlement. Dnepropetrovsk (Yekaterinoslav) was to become the center of the cultural and economic life of the southern part of Russia. It was assumed that it would become the center of Novorossiya.
Catherine's visit
Potemkin invited Empress Catherine II, to whose glory he wanted to dedicate the future city, to visit Crimea and Novorossiya. He wanted the queen to get to know this unrivaled area. Catherine agreed, and on May 9, 1787, on the Cathedral Hill, she laid and cemented the first stone of the future Transfiguration Cathedral.
But this temple was not lucky enough to become a full-fledged church. As soon as the foundation was poured, Potemkin stopped further construction work. The laying of the Preobrazhensky was conceived solely in order to hint to other states about the military and economic might of the Russian Empire. According to one version, it was 1787 that became the date when Yekaterinoslav was founded, the modern name of which can be found in our article.
Paul and Alexander I
In 1796, Catherine II died. The power was inherited by her son Paul. He also renamed Yekaterinoslav Novorossiysk, lowered his provincial status to that of the district and generally forgot about the existence of the settlement as such. As a result, the population began to leave the boundaries of this settlement in the same way as they fled from Yekaterinoslav-Kilchinsky. But all this did not last long: when the throne came under the control of Alexander I, the city again received its rightful name and the "title" of the provincial center.
Some more titles
Yekaterinoslav (the modern name of the city is Dnepropetrovsk) bore other names at one time or another. So, after the tsarist regime was toppled, and civil war raged in the courtyard, the city was unofficially called Sicheslav. Thus, the legendary Cossack past of this region was celebrated.
In 1924, when the communists came to power, they could not figure out the name of the settlement. It offered such options as Krasnoslav, Metallurg, Leninoslav and others. At the next congress of Soviets, it was decided to rename the city to Krasnodneprovsk, but this name was eventually rejected. In 1926, the modern metropolis was named Dnepro-Petrovsky. After the reform of the Ukrainian language, it became Dnepropetrovsk.
Population - 1,039,000 people (); the third largest in Ukraine after Kiev and Kharkov.
Located on both banks of the middle Dnieper.
Dnepropetrovsk is a large junction of railways and highways. Since 1995, the subway has been operating - 1 unfinished line of 6 stations. There is an international airport.
History
From ancient times to the 18th century
The place where the present Dnepropetrovsk is located has been favorable for habitation since ancient times - with the exception of those millennia of the Paleolithic, when the border of the ice sheet passed here. On the territory of the city and the immediate vicinity, there are sites of a person of the Stone Age (40-16 thousand years BC), Neolithic hunters, nomads: Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians (II millennium BC - early 1st millennium BC). AD). Since that time immemorial, there has been a connection along the Dnieper and the Black Sea with the Eastern Mediterranean. In the III-IV centuries, 40 km south of Dnepropetrovsk (near the village of Bashmachka) was one of the centers of the Gothic Empire, and possibly its capital (Danprstadt). There were also settlements within the city. Then the warlike hordes of Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars passed over the edge ...
The revival of the region began in the 16th century - after the formation of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the organization of the Sich down the Dnieper, which was an obstacle on the way of the Tatar troops to the north. So, already from 1500 or 1550. known settlement Samar (Old Samar) on the territory of the present village. Shevchenko (Dnepropetrovsk) in the lower reaches of Samara - archaeological finds confirm the existence of a large trade and craft border settlement here. In 1688, the Moscow authorities built the Novobogoroditskaya fortress here, the local population moved to neighboring villages. Since 1564, Cossack kurens are mentioned in Taromskoye, which since 1704 became a military settlement. Since 1596, a settlement is known at the crossing of the Dnieper - Kamenka - now the Frunzensky residential area. Bogoroditsk settlement is mentioned under -m (on the territory of the suburb - Podgorodny). Since 1648, the Obukha farm has been known (now - the village of Kirovskoye).
Settlements on the territory of modern Dnepropetrovsk before the foundation of Yekaterinoslav
Thus, by the time the provincial city was founded, a number of settlements were already located within the boundaries of the modern city of Dnepropetrovsk: Samar (1500/1550, from 1688 - the Russian Novoboroditsk fortress), Taromskoe (1564), Kamenka (1596), New Kodak (1650 or 1660), Polovitsa (1743 or 1747-1794), Pilot Kamenka (1750), Sukhachevka (1770), Diyevka (1775), Odinovka (1776). Perhaps there is a historical continuity: Peresechen '(-XIII century) - Samar (Old Samar) (XIV -XVII centuries) - Novobogoroditskaya fortress (1688-1798). Yekaterinoslav overtook the indicated villages and towns in population only at the beginning of the next 19th century. Currently, these villages are part of Dnepropetrovsk, partly one-story buildings were demolished for the construction of multi-storey residential areas (Novye Kaydaki, Diyevka, Kamenka, Mandrykovka, Lotsmanskaya Kamenka), on the site of the former Cossack settlement Polovitsy is the center of Dnepropetrovsk.
Foundation of the city of Yekaterinoslav
By 1862, there were 315 stone and 3,060 wooden houses in the city. Industrial development in the first half of the 19th century was relatively weak - a number of factories were operating: brick, iron foundry, candle, soap-making, salotopes and tanneries.
In 1873, a railway line from Kharkov through Sinelnikovo came to the left bank (st. Nizhnedneprovsk), but only 11 years later (in 1884) the bridge across the river was opened. Dnieper and railway station in Yekaterinoslav itself (on the right bank of the Dnieper). The railway connected Donbass (Yasinovataya) with Kryvbas.
Thanks to the discovery of iron ore and coal deposits in the Krivoy Rog region, a rapid industrial development of the region and its center began in the Donbass. In the city and its environs, with the active participation of French and German capital, several metallurgical plants appeared (after the successful Soviet modernization of those operating to this day). The locomotive depot of Yekaterinoslav became the largest in the south of the Empire. The city began to grow due to the formation of workers' settlements near the factories. The population of Yekaterinoslav grew sharply - mainly due to migrants - from 22,816 people in 1865 to 121,216 in 1897.
In the same 1897, Belgian entrepreneurs launched an electric tram in Yekaterinoslav - the third in the Empire after Kiev and Nizhny Novgorod. A number of social, cultural and educational institutions appear in the city.
By the end of the century, the population of the provincial center consisted of 42% of Russians, 35% of Jews, and only 16% of Ukrainians.
Dnepropetrovsk - XX century
Coat of arms of Dnepropetrovsk during the Soviet period
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city continued to grow rapidly, industry and trade developed, the population grew - from 121 thousand inhabitants in 1897 to 252.5 in 1910.
The Yekaterinoslav proletariat took an active part in the events of 1905. Here, in particular, I. V. Babushkin and G. I. Petrovsky began their revolutionary activities.
In October 1918, under the Hetman Skoropadsky, a university was opened, which is still operating today (Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University).
During the civil war, the city repeatedly passed from hand to hand (Denikinites, Nestor Makhno, Petliura and others)
Since December 29, 1995 the Dnipropetrovsk metro has been operating. At the end of 2007, 6 stations were opened: Kommunarovskaya, Prospekt Svobody, Zavodskaya, Metallurgov, Metrostroiteley, Vokzalnaya. The total length of the operated line is 7.8 km. Now under construction on the 1st metro line from the central railway station to the city center there are two stations: Teatralnaya and Tsentralnaya.
In the future, the total length of the first line will be 11.8 km with 9 stations. The development of the metro provides for the construction in the foreseeable future of up to 80 km of tracks with three lines.
On urban routes, on average, works per day (2007):
213 trams, 158 trolleybuses, 4 metro trains (4 carriages each), 128 large and medium-sized buses, 2255 minibuses, 1200 passenger taxis,
The length of the routes is (ring distance):
tram 176.9 km, trolleybus 412.6 km metro 7.9 km motor transport 2410 km
Also in Dnepropetrovsk there are: two passenger railway stations (Central and Yuzhny), an international airport, river and bus stations (central bus station and New Center bus station).
Bridges
- Amur (Old) Bridge- built by the city, cost about 4 million rubles. It was designed by the largest Russian engineer-bridge builder, Professor N.P.Belelyubsky, was built and inaugurated on May 18, 1884, simultaneously with the opening of the Yekaterinenskaya railway. And before that, for almost two centuries, the Dnieper River stood as an obstacle on the "high road" from Baturin through Gadyach, Poltava, Kobelyaki, Perevalochna, Sichu to Perekop. To overcome it, a ferry was arranged. On its right bank was the Novye Kaydaki settlement, and on the left bank was the Kamenka settlement (now part of the Frunzensky residential area).
- Kaydak bridge allowed transit vehicles to follow the Kiev-Donetsk road without entering the city, and made it possible to develop housing construction on the left bank of the river. On November 10, the bridge was inaugurated. Its length is 1732 m, 3-lane traffic in both directions. On December 17, a tram was launched in its center.
- Merefo-Kherson railway bridge- the very first bridge built in the form of an arc. It was necessary to lay a railway branch to the south, and this was an impossible task, since the Nizhnedneprovsk station on the left bank of the Dnieper was located to the left of the Yuzhny station station, and it was impossible to connect them with a straight line, since the main branch from east to west passed just through the Central station, and did not turn back east in any way. The design engineers and surveyors were tasked with connecting unconnected stations. Over the course of several years, the bridge was designed and the tensile and bending loads were calculated. This bridge is now one of the most unique structures in Ukraine.
- Central (New)- an automobile bridge connecting the city center with the left-bank part (exit to Pravdy Avenue.) This bridge is the longest in Ukraine.
- South bridge is part of the eastern arc of the bypass road around the city, which is under construction. The length of the bridge is 1248 meters, width is 22 m. It was built in stages from to and from to. It was opened in December 2000. In 2002, the construction of a road junction on the left bank was completed, an overpass was built across the railway.
Education, culture
In 2003, there were 158 general education schools in the city.
In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Informatics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.
In 2008, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Mathematics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.
In 2009, Dnepropetrovsk hosted the semifinals of the All-Ukrainian Student Programming Olympiad (eastern region).
Universities
There are 14 state higher educational institutions and several private ones in the city (excluding branches of other universities):
- Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology
- Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs (former Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Law Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)
- PGASA Pridneprovsk State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after ac. Lazaryan (former DIIT)
- Dnipropetrovsk Agrarian University
- Academy of the Customs Service of Ukraine
- Dnipropetrovsk State University of Physical Education and Sports
- Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy
- Dnipropetrovsk Institute of the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management
In total, about 55,000 students study at the universities of the city.
Museums
- Art
- Literary
- House Museum of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky
- Zoological Museum of DNU
- Literary Dnieper
- Memorial House-Museum of Academician D. I. Yavornitsky
- Memorial House-Museum of I. V. Babushkin
- Museum of the History of the Komsomol (University of Martial Arts Museum and Cultural Complex)
- Museum of the History of the Development of the Financial System of the Dnipropetrovsk Region
- Museum of the History of the University of Railway Transport
- Museum of Coins of Ukraine
- Museum of sports glory of the sports club "Meteor"
- Museum of the House of Culture of the Department of Internal Affairs
History museums of universities
- Museum of History of the State Civil Engineering Academy of Ukraine
- Museum of History of Dnepropetrovsk State Agrarian University
- Museum of History of Dnepropetrovsk National University
- People's Memorial House-Museum named after G. I. Petrovsky
- People's Museum of History of the State University of Chemical Technology of Ukraine
- People's Museum of History of the State Medical Academy of Ukraine
- People's Museum of History of the State Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine
- National Museum of History of the National Mining University
Theaters
- Ukrainian Dnepropetrovsk Drama Theater. T. G. Shevchenko
- Dnepropetrovsk Academic Theater of Russian Drama. M. Gorky
- Dnepropetrovsk Municipal Youth Theater "We Believe!"
- Dnepropetrovsk Regional Youth Theater "Chamber Stage"
- Dnipropetrovsk Municipal Theater of Actor and Puppet
- House of Chamber Music.
- House of Organ and Chamber Music
- "Golden Key", Children's Musical Theater
- "The Scream", Mikhail Melnik Theater
- DGU KVN Theater
- Dnipropetrovsk Philharmonic
- Dnepropetrovsk circus
Holy Transfiguration Cathedral
Temples
- Holy Trinity Cathedral
- Temple of the Icon of the Mother of God "Iverskaya"
sights
- The longest promenade in Europe. Along the right bank of the Dnieper, the length is over 23 km.
- Scythian "women" - the largest collection in Ukraine
- Synagogue "Golden Rose"
- Bryansk Nikolaev Church, 1913-1915 Stone. Typical for the architecture of the early 20th century.
- Nicholas Church, 1807 Near the former wooden Nicholas Church in the town of Novy Kodak, in the style of classicism. The paintings of the 20th century have been preserved. (Oktyabryat st., 108).
- Transfiguration Cathedral, 1830-1835 Built according to the project of O. Zakharov. The historical center of the city - the cathedral was laid by Catherine II herself. According to the construction plan of 1786, the Transfiguration Cathedral was supposed to surpass the size of the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter.
- G. Potemkin's palace, city C - the palace of culture of students. (Park named after T. Shevchenko)
- Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper" (city, authors - N. Ya. But, NV Ovechkin), viewing angle - 230 degrees, area of the painting - 840 sq. M. m.
- The fountain at the Opera and Ballet Theater.
- Swan fountain. Installed in 2005 on the Dnieper, a few meters from the coast. The jet height can be up to 50 m.
- Scythian burial mounds, about 12 thousand people are officially registered in the region.
City holidays
- Day of the city... The holiday has been held since the 70s of the XX century. In 2001, the Charter of the city was adopted, which approved the official date of the Day of the City of Dnepropetrovsk - the second Sunday in September. On this day, festive events take place throughout the city and traditionally end on the embankment with festive fireworks.
- Pancake week
- Christmas. The main mass events take place in the evening in the Church of the Iverskaya Icon of the Mother of God (more than 20 thousand citizens).