The ruling dynasty of the Romanovs gave the country many ingenious kings and emperors. It is interesting that this surname does not belong to all of its representatives, the nobles Koshkins, Kobylins, Miloslavsky, Naryshkins met in the family. The genealogical tree of the Romanov dynasty shows us that the history of this family dates back to 1596.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the beginning

The ancestor of the family is the son of the boyar Fyodor Romanov and the boyar Ksenia Ivanovna, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first king of the dynasty. He was the cousin of the last emperor from the Moscow family branch of the Rurikovich - Fyodor Ioannovich. On February 7, 1613 he was elected to reign. On July 21 of the same year, a rite of passage for the reign was performed. It was this moment that marked the beginning of the reign of the great Romanov dynasty.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov dynasty consisted of 32 male representatives, 13 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918-19. Those who escaped this settled in Western Europe (mainly in France) and the USA. In the 1920s and 1930s, a significant part of the dynasty's representatives continued to hope for the collapse of Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy.

1. The Council recognized that the right to exercise the Supreme Power in Russia belongs to the dynasty of the House of Romanov.
2. The Council considered it necessary and consistent with the desire of the population to head the national statehood by the Supreme Ruler from among the members of the Dynasty, whom the members of the House of Romanov would point to.
3. The government was invited to enter into negotiations with representatives of the House of Romanov.

All current representatives of this family are descendants of the four sons of Nicholas I:

* Alexandrovichi, descendants of Alexander II. This branch has four living representatives - his great-great-granddaughter, Maria Vladimirovna, her son George, and the brothers Dmitry and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilyinsky (the youngest of whom was born in 1961).
* Konstantinovichi, descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich. In the male line, the branch was cut short in 1973 (with the death of Vsevolod, the son of John Konstantinovich).
* Nikolaevichs, descendants of Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. Two living male representatives are brothers Nikolai and Dmitry Romanovich Romanovs, the youngest of whom was born in 1926.
* Mikhailovich, descendants of Mikhail Nikolaevich. All other living Romanov men (see below) belong to this branch, the youngest of them was born in 2009.

Only two of the Romanovs' descendants in the male line remained on the territory of the USSR - the children of Alexander Iskander: (Natalya and Kirill (1915-1992) Androsov); the rest either left or died.

On December 22, 2011, the President of the unrecognized Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika I.N. Smirnov signed the Decree “On the status of the Russian Imperial House in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic”. According to this decree, on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Imperial House is recognized as a unique historical institution without the rights of a legal entity, taking part in the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, preserving the historical and cultural heritage, traditions of the Pridnestrovian society. Back in 2009, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova was awarded the highest award of the PMR - the Order of the Republic. On June 9, 2011, for the first time since 1917, a representative of the House of Romanov was awarded a state award of Russia: Prince Romanov, Dmitry Romanovich.

In total, in May 2010, the Romanov family consisted of 12 males. Among them, only four (grandchildren and great-grandson of Prince Rostislav Aleksandrovich) are no more than forty years old.

Outstanding personalities - the Romanov dynasty.

The family tree includes about 80 people. In this article, we will not touch upon everyone, but only the reigning persons and their families.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia had one son - Alexey. He presided over the throne from 1645 to 1676. He was married twice. The first wife is Maria Miloslavskaya, from this marriage the tsar had three children: Fedor - the eldest son, Ivan the Fifth and daughter Sophia. From a marriage with Natalya Naryshkina, Mikhail had one son - Peter the First, who later became a great reformer. Ivan married Praskovya Saltykova, from this marriage they had two daughters - Anna Ioannovna and Ekaterina. Peter had two marriages - with Evdokia Lopukhina and Catherine the First. From his first marriage, the tsar had a son, Alexei, who later married Sophia Charlotte. From this marriage Peter II was born.

The genealogical tree of the Romanov dynasty: Peter the First and Catherine the First

Three children were born from the marriage - Elizabeth, Anna and Peter. Anna married Karl Friedrich, and they had a son - Peter the Third, who married

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the Miloslavsky branch Catherine II. She, in turn, took the crown from her husband. But Catherine had a son - Paul the First, who married Maria Fedorovna. From this marriage, the emperor was born who in the future married Alexandra Feodorovna. From this marriage, Alexander II was born. He had two marriages - with Maria Alexandrovna and Ekaterina Dolgorukova. The future heir to the throne - Alexander the Third - was born from his first marriage. He, in turn, married Maria Feodorovna. The son of this union became the last emperor of Russia: we are talking about Nicholas II.

Ivan the Fourth and Praskovya Saltykova had two daughters - Ekaterina and Anna. Catherine married Karl Leopold. From this marriage, Anna Leopoldovna was born, who married Anton Ulrich. The couple had a son, known to us as Ivan the Fourth.

This, in brief, is the Romanov family tree. The scheme includes all the wives and children of the rulers of the Russian Empire. Second-order relatives are not considered. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs are the brightest and strongest dynasty that ruled Russia.

For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs are from Novgorod. The clan tradition says that the origins of the clan should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family is the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.

The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the grand-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovichs.

Since the 18th century, the Romanovs stopped calling themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared the All-Russian Emperor. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.

The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated, as a result of the February revolution, from the throne. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and those close to him in Yekaterinburg.

Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne, has no right to the Russian throne.

Below is the chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645

He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a depressing state after the Time of Troubles. Made "eternal peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He entered into an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), while losing Smolensk and the Seversk land. He joined the lands along Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (Quietest). Reign: 1645-1676

He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the army reform begun by his father. At the same time, he attracted a large number of foreign military specialists who were left idle after graduation. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, affecting the main church rites and books. He returned Smolensk and the Seversk land. Joined Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed Stepan's uprising (1667-1671)

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682

The short reign of the extremely painful tsar was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty (1681), in accordance with which Turkey recognized the Left Bank Ukraine and Kiev for Russia. A general population census was carried out (1678). The struggle against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.

Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reign: 1682-1725 (independently ruled from 1689)

The previous tsar (Fedor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned to the throne at the same time - Fyodor Alekseevich's young brothers Ivan and Peter during the regency of their elder sister Sophia Alekseevna (until 1689 - the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - formal association with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first All-Russian Emperor.

He was an ardent adherent of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".

His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, the result of which was the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the king's awareness of the need. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the hardest with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after - the Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.

During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and the Collegium (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).

Catherine I. Reign: 1725-1727

The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Martha Kruse, taken in full during the Northern War. Nationality is unknown. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703 she fell in love with Peter, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).

Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1727-1730

Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a straight male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the state was governed by the Supreme Privy Council. According to the recollections of his contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by his willfulness and adored entertainment. The young emperor devoted all his time to entertainments, amusements and hunts. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).

Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Reign: 1730-1740

Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended in a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the treaty, Russia withdrew Azov, but it was forbidden to have a fleet in the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironovism" (by the name of her favorite).

Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Reign: 1740-1741

Great-grandson of Ivan V. Was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor during the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The new regent was the mother of the emperor, Anna Leopoldovna. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to the law on the condemnation of the name - all his portraits were withdrawn from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were withdrawn (or destroyed). He spent up to 23 years in solitary confinement, where (already half-insane) he was stabbed to death by the guards.

Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Reign: 1741-1761

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Under her, the death penalty was abolished for the first time in Russia. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762. Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the 18th century - the Seven Years War. As a result of the hostilities, Russian troops captured all of East Prussia and even took Berlin for a short time. However, the fleeting death of the empress and the coming to power of the pro-Russian Peter III brought to naught all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, peace was concluded.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1761-1762

The nephew of Elizaveta Petrovna, the grandson of Peter I - the son of his daughter Anna. He reigned for 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he ended the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on conditions that were extremely unfavorable for Russia. I could hardly speak Russian. During his reign, the manifesto "On the freedom of the nobility", the union of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) were issued. He stopped persecuting the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version, from fever).

Already during the reign of Catherine II, the head of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev in 1773, pretended to be the "miraculously escaped" Peter III.

Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (Great). Reign: 1762-1796

Peter III's wife. , expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). It was during Catherine's time that the Crimea was captured - as a result, Russia was firmly entrenched in the Black Sea, which was undoubtedly facilitated by the foundation of the Black Sea Fleet. The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III (1773-1775). The provincial reform was carried out (1775).

Paul I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801

Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced a mandatory succession to the throne only through the male line (1797). Significantly eased the position of the peasants (decree on the three-day corvee, the prohibition to sell serfs without land (1797)). Of foreign policy, noteworthy are the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799). Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of his son Alexander) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.

Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1801-1825

Son of Paul I. During the reign of Alexander I, Russia defeated French troops during Patriotic War 1812 The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined by the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. In the course of numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imereti, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. For a long time, there was a legend among the people that the emperor, tormented by his conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1825-1855

The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the uprising of the Decembrists in 1825. The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (1833) was created, a monetary reform, a reform in the state village. The Crimean War (1853-1856) began, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia took part in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), and the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Reign: 1855-1881

Son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty (1856), humiliating for Russia. It was canceled in 1861. In 1864, the zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). The financial system, education, city government, and the army were reformed. In 1870, the restrictive clauses of the Paris Peace were abolished. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during Crimean War... He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.

Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Reign: 1881-1894

Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His rule is characterized as conservative and counter-reformist. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of autocracy, the Regulation on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This alliance preceded the creation of the tripartite Entente.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Reign: 1894-1917

Son of Alexander III. The last All-Russian Emperor. A difficult and controversial period for Russia, accompanied by serious shocks for the empire. Russo-Japanese war(1904-1905) turned into a heavy defeat for the country and almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914, Russia entered the First world war(1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated the throne as a result, and in 1918 he was shot with his entire family by the Bolsheviks.

The royal dynasty of the Romanovs is the second and last on the Russian throne. Rules from 1613 to 1917. During its time, Russia from a provincial state, lying outside the boundaries of Western civilization, turned into a huge empire, influencing all the political processes of the world.
The accession of the Romanovs ended in Russia. The first tsar of the dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected autocrat by the Zemsky Sobor, assembled at the initiative of Minin, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky, the leaders of the militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Mikhail Fedorovich was 17 years old at that time, he could neither read nor write. So, in fact, for a long time, Russia was ruled by his father, Metropolitan Filaret.

Reasons for the election of the Romanovs

- Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, the most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan's time, and the son
- Mikhail's father was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
- The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with the rest of the Russian pretenders to the throne.
- The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuisky, Mstislavsky, Kurakin and Godunovs, who are significantly involved in them
- The boyars hope for Mikhail Fedorovich's inexperience in management and, as a result, his controllability
- The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people

The first king of the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645

The royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of reign

• 1613-1645
• 1645-1676
• 1676-1682
• 1682-1689
• 1682-1696
• 1682-1725
• 1725-1727
• 1727-1730
• 1730-1740
• 1740-1741
• 1740-1741
• 1741-1761
• 1761-1762
• 1762-1796
• 1796-1801
• 1801-1825
• 1825-1855
• 1855-1881
• 1881-1894
• 1894-1917

The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Marta Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich is actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was actually the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine II and Peter III, Paul the First had in wives first Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of ​​Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria ...

History of the Romanov dynasty in dates

• 1613, February 21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
• 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
• 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
• 1648, January 16 - Alexey Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
• 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1682, April 17 - the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. Boyars proclaimed tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalia Naryshkina
• 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fyodor who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alexeevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich - the second
• 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
• 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
• 1689, September 2 - decree on the removal of Sophia from power and her exile to a monastery.
• 1690, February 18 - Birth of the son of Peter the First, Tsarevich Alexei
• 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
• 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
• 1712, February 19 - the marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
• 1715, October 12 - the birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
• 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father's policy, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
• 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria extradited Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14, he returned to his homeland
• 1718, February - the trial of Tsarevich Alexei
• 1718, March - Tsarina Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to a monastery
• 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
• 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the Guards, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
• 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was occupied by the twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
• 1729, November - betrothal of Peter II to Ekaterina Dolgoruka
• 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heiress, daughter of Ivan V, son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Catherine Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, the heir to the throne
• 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, was born to Anna Leopoldovna from her marriage to the Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg, Anton Ulrich
• 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne
• 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent under two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
• 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
• 1741, November 25 - as a result of a palace coup, the Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
• 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
• 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First (Marta Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Peter Fedorovich as heir to the throne
• 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
• 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna
• 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile, in Kholmogory
• 1754, September 20 - the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul the First, was born
• 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
• 1762, June 28 - as a result of a coup d'état, Russia was headed by Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter III
• 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in the Ropshensky castle near St. Petersburg
• 1762, July 17 - death of Peter III (died or was killed - unknown)
• 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
• 1764, July 16 - after 23 years in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed while trying to liberate.
• 1773, October 10 - (September 29, O.S.) married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Natalia Alekseevna
• 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died in childbirth
• 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul remarried. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of ​​Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
• 1777, December 23 - the birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
• 1779, May 8 - the birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Constantine
• 1796, July 6 - the birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas I
• 1796, November 6 - Catherine II died, Paul the First on the throne
• 1797, February 5 - the coronation of Paul the First in Moscow
• 1801, March 12 - Coup. Paul the First is killed by conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
• 1801, September - coronation of Alexander I in Moscow
• 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
• 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
• 1823, August 28 - secret abdication of the throne of his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
• 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander I
• 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took an oath of allegiance to the new emperor Constantine
• 1825 December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate
• 1825, December 14 - the uprising of the Decembrists while trying to bring the guard to the oath of allegiance to the new emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. Rebellion suppressed
• 1826, September 3 - the coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
• 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
• 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Mary had a son, Alexander, the future emperor Alexander the Third
• 1855, March 2 - Nikolai the First died. His son Alexander II is on the throne
• 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander II, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Frederick Dagmar (Maria Fedorovna), mother of the future emperor Nicholas II.
• 1867, May 25 - the second, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna's son Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II was born
• 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Fedorovna had a son Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
• 1879, April 14 - the third, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1879, November 19 - the fourth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1880, February 17 - the fifth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1881, April 1 - the sixth, successful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
• 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
• 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
• 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alisa of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
• 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
• 1904, August 12 - a son was born to Nikolai and Alexandra, the heir to the throne Alexey
• 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
• 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
• 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates

The death of the royal family

“At half past one, Yurovsky raised Dr. Botkin and asked him to wake up the others. He explained that the city was restless and it was decided to transfer them to the lower floor ... It took the prisoners half an hour to wash and get dressed. At about two o'clock they began to descend the stairs. Yurovsky walked ahead. Behind him is Nikolai with Alexei in his arms, both in tunics and caps. Then came the Empress with the Grand Duchesses and Doctor Botkin. Demidova carried two pillows, one of which was sewn up with a jewelry box. She was followed by Trupp's valet and the cook Kharitonov. A firing squad unknown to the prisoners, which consisted of ten people - six of them were Hungarians, the rest were Russian - was in the next room.

Descending the inner staircase, the procession stepped into the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were taken to the opposite end of the house, to the room where the guards had been housed before. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall was a single semicircular window, enclosed by bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the closet, was locked. It was a dead end.

Alexandra Fyodorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered to bring two chairs, on one of them Nikolai sat Alexei, on the other sat the empress. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed with the following words: “When the command entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that in view of the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee decided to shoot them ...

Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing his family, then, as if coming to his senses, turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant hastily repeated and ordered the team to prepare. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and ordered to aim directly at the heart, in order to avoid a large amount of blood and end it soon. Nikolai said nothing more, turning back to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted for several seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nikolai was killed by the commandant himself on the spot (Richard Pipes "Russian Revolution") "

Candidates

There were many contenders for the Russian throne. The two most unpopular candidates - the Polish prince Vladislav and the son of False Dmitry II - were “weeded out” at once. The Swedish prince Karl-Philip had more supporters, among them was the leader of the Zemsky army, Prince Pozharsky. Why did the patriot of the Russian land choose a foreign prince? Perhaps, the antipathy of the "thin-born" Pozharsky to the domestic contenders - the noble boyars, who in the Time of Troubles more than once betrayed those to whom they swore allegiance, had an effect. He feared that the "boyar tsar" would sow the seeds of new turmoil in Russia, as happened during the short reign of Vasily Shuisky. Therefore, Prince Dmitry stood for the calling of the "Varangian", but most likely it was Pozharsky's "maneuver", since in the end only Russian applicants - noble princes - took part in the struggle for the royal throne. The leader of the notorious "Seven Boyars" Fyodor Mstislavsky compromised himself by cooperating with the Poles, Ivan Vorotynsky renounced his claim to the throne, Vasily Golitsyn was in Polish captivity, the leaders of the militia Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky were not distinguished by nobility. But the new tsar must unite the country split by the Troubles. The question arose: how to give preference to one clan so that a new round of boyar feuds does not begin?

Mikhail Fedorovich did not pass the first round

The candidacy of the Romanovs as the main contenders did not arise by chance: Mikhail Romanov was the nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Mikhail's father, Patriarch Filaret, was respected among the clergy and Cossacks. Boyar Fyodor Sheremetyev actively campaigned in favor of the candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich. He assured the obstinate boyars that Mikhail was "young and will be our favorite." In other words, it will become their puppet. But the boyars did not allow themselves to be persuaded: in the preliminary voting, the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov did not receive the required number of votes.

No show

When Romanov was elected, an overlap arose: the Cathedral demanded the arrival of the young applicant to Moscow. The Romanov party could not allow this: an inexperienced, timid, young man inexperienced in intrigues would have made an unfavorable impression on the delegates of the Council. Sheremetyev and his supporters had to show miracles of eloquence, proving how dangerous the path from the Kostroma village of Domnino, where Mikhail was staying, to Moscow. Was it not then that the legend of the exploit of Ivan Susanin, who saved the life of the future tsar, arose? After heated debates, the Romanovites managed to convince the Cathedral to cancel the decision on Mikhail's arrival.

Tightening

On February 7, 1613, the orderly tired delegates announced a two-week break: "February from February 7 to 21 was postponed for a large fortification." Messengers were sent to the cities "in all sorts of people, see them out." The voice of the people, of course, is the voice of God, but isn't it not enough two weeks to monitor public opinion in a large country? For example, it is not easy for a messenger to get to Siberia in two months. Most likely, the boyars were counting on the departure from Moscow of Mikhail Romanov's most active supporters - the Cossacks. The villagers will get bored, they say, to sit idle in the city, they will disperse. The Cossacks really dispersed, so much so that the boyars did not seem to be enough ...

Role of Pozharsky

Let's return to Pozharsky and to his lobbying for the Swedish claimant to the Russian throne. In the fall of 1612, the militia captured a Swedish spy. Until January 1613, he languished in captivity, but shortly before the Zemsky Sobor, Pozharsky frees the spy and sends him to Novgorod, occupied by the Swedes, with a letter to the commander Jacob De la Gardie. In it, Pozharsky says that he himself and most of the noble boyars want to see Karl-Philip on the Russian throne. But, as subsequent events showed, Pozharsky misinformed the Swede. One of the first decisions of the Zemsky Sobor was that a foreigner should not be on the Russian throne; the sovereign should be elected "from Moscow families, God willing." Was Pozharsky really so naive that he did not know the mood of the majority? Of course not. Prince Dmitry deliberately fooled De la Gardie with "general support" for the candidacy of Charles-Philip, in order to prevent Swedish interference in the election of the tsar. The Russians could hardly repulse the Polish onslaught; a campaign against Moscow for the Swedish army could also prove fatal. Pozharsky's "cover operation" was successful: the Swedes did not move. That is why on February 20, Prince Dmitry, happily forgetting about the Swedish prince, proposed to the Zemsky Sobor to choose a tsar from the Romanov family, and then put his signature on the cathedral charter on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich. During the coronation of the new sovereign, it was Pozharsky that Mikhail showed a high honor: the prince presented him with one of the symbols of power - the tsarist state. Modern political strategists can only envy such a competent PR move: the savior of the Fatherland entrusts the power to the new tsar. Beautiful. Looking ahead, we note that until his death (1642) Pozharsky faithfully served Mikhail Fedorovich, taking advantage of his constant location. It is unlikely that the tsar would have favored someone who wished to see not him, but some Swedish prince on the throne of the Rurik.

Cossacks

A special role in the king's election belongs to the Cossacks. An interesting story about this is contained in the "Tale of the Zemsky Sobor in 1613". It turns out that on February 21, the boyars decided to choose a tsar by casting lots, but the hope for "maybe", in which any forgery is possible, angered the Cossacks. Cossack orators smashed the boyar "tricks" to smithereens and solemnly proclaimed: "By God's will, there will be Tsar, Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich in the reigning city of Moscow and all Russia!" This cry was immediately picked up by the supporters of the Romanovs, and not only in the Cathedral, but also among the large crowd of people in the square. It was the Cossacks who cut the "Gordian knot", having achieved the election of Mikhail. The unknown author of The Tale (probably an eyewitness to what is happening) spares no pains, describing the reaction of the boyars: “Bolyar was at that time obsessed with fear and trembling, and their faces were changing with blood, and no one could cut it.” Only Mikhail's uncle, Ivan Romanov, nicknamed Kasha, who for some reason did not want to see his nephew on the throne, tried to argue: “Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young and not fully intelligent.” To which the Cossack witches objected: "But you, Ivan Nikitich, are a mile old, in full reason ... you will be a strong force for him." Mikhail did not forget his assessment of his mental abilities to Dyadyushkin, and subsequently removed Ivan Kasha from all state affairs. The Cossack demarche came as a complete surprise to Dmitry Trubetskoy: "His face is blackened, and falling into ailment, and lying for many days, not leaving his yard from the abyss, which he exhausted the treasury as a Cossack and is known to be flattering in words and deceit." The prince can be understood: it was he, the leader of the Cossack militia, who counted on the support of his comrades in arms, generously endowed them with "treasury" - and suddenly they were on the side of Mikhail. Perhaps the Romanov party paid more?

British recognition

On February 21 (March 3), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor made a historic decision: to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom. The first country to recognize the new sovereign was England: in the same year, 1613, the embassy of John Metrick arrived in Moscow. This is how the history of the second and last tsarist dynasty of Russia began. It is significant that throughout his reign, Mikhail Fedorovich showed a special attitude towards the British. So, after the Troubles, Mikhail Fedorovich restored relations with the British "Moscow Company" and although he curtailed the freedom of action of the British merchants, he nevertheless put them on preferential terms not only with other foreigners, but also with representatives of the Russian "big business".

Russian tsars. The Romanov dynasty

Russian tsars. The Romanov dynasty.

The Romanov dynasty and their family

Reading the history of great Russia, we cannot but recall the proud Romanov dynasty. It was they who were remembered for their unchanging patriotism and many unexpected events. Every sovereign went through hard times, lifting the country out of poverty as a result of constant wars. It is no secret that the history of the Romanov dynasty is thoroughly saturated with secrets and bloody events. Practically every representative of this family respected the interests of the people, but at the same time was distinguished by cruelty.

On the pages of our resource you can find the sections "the first Romanovs" or "the history of the Romanov dynasty." Everyone has the right to decide for himself what role this long family has played in the history of the Russian state. Their accession took place under strange circumstances, which constantly carried the secret of death. A lot of historical figures who were directly related to the Romanovs were remembered for their contradictory actions. You can also read about the influence of some of them here, from Patriarch Filaret to Rasputin. Naturally, the Romanov dynasty itself keeps many secrets, which, perhaps, are not entirely positive. Their genealogy is not known for certain; there are several versions of who was the ancestor of the great kings.

It is no secret that the Romanov dynasty was able to survive both the Time of Troubles and the reign of two False Dmitriy. But their strength did not wag, they replaced one another, not thinking about their predecessors. Some ruled wisely, some made many mistakes, but they all did not have the right to make mistakes. If the sovereign stumbled, the country suffered great losses. With our help, you can restore the path of this kind, get acquainted with the last of the Romanovs and their secrets. The brightest personalities from this ancient family will no longer be phantoms for you, you will experience their losses and rejoice at their victories.

In February 1613, among the dirt and debris left by foreign invaders in the Grand Kremlin Palace, the hiding and persecuted sixteen-year-old Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was proclaimed Tsar of All Russia. It is with him that the history of the Romanov dynasty begins, which determined the fate of Russia for three millennia. The line of dynastic rulers had peak points - ruler Alexei, who raised Russia to positions that are important in the countries of Eastern Europe; Peter the Great - who created an invincible army and new capital Petersburg, and forcibly raised Russia from the Middle Ages to the present, and the three empresses of the 18th century, Anna, Elizabeth and Catherine the Great, who interrupted the tradition of male rule. Catherine, in particular, brought the ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia and became famous for decorating the palace. However, the history of the Romanov dynasty had its own gloomy notes.

The Moscow boyar, from whom the Romanov dynasty originated, was called Roman. Preserved information that he died in 1543. The history of the Romanov dynasty included two children from the Romanov family: Anastasia, who successfully married Ivan IV the Terrible, and her brother Nikita, who faithfully served his reigning son-in-law, nevertheless, remaining innocent of his atrocities.

The Romanov family, in particular Nikita, could boast of large offspring, including Fyodor Romanov, who in his declining years became the patriarch of All Russia and took the church name Filaret. He, in turn, had a son, Mikhail. In the 17th century, when Russia was tormented by the war with Sweden and the ongoing civil wars, the state did not have a legitimate ruler. Thanks to the reputation of Nikita and Anastasia, the Romanov family was in good standing and that is why in February 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich, the sixteen-year-old son of Patriarch Filaret, marked the accession of the Romanovs to the Moscow throne.

Michael was entrenched on the throne for thirty-two years. In 1645 he was replaced by his son Alexei, who also ruled for quite a long time, more than thirty years. After the reign of Alexei, the order of succession to the throne was fraught with some difficulties. Since 1676, Russia was ruled by the son of Alexei Fyodor for six years. After his death, in 1682, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was continued by his brothers Peter I and Ivan V, who for fourteen years exercised the so-called dual power.

In fact, the country was ruled by their power-hungry sister Sophia. For these purposes, there was a double throne with a hole through which Sophia whispered instructions to the brothers.

At the age of seventeen, Peter I was bored with this, he seized power and, according to the old tradition of the Romanov family, did not fail to hide Sophia in a monastery. One of the most famous rulers of the Romanov dynasty, the strongman Peter, better known as the legendary "Peter the Great", the first emperor of all Russia. He was a heartless ruler who set himself the goal of reorganizing his underdeveloped country in a Western manner. Despite his advanced initiatives, he was a wayward tyrant, matched by his predecessor, the husband of the first Romanova in power, Anastasia - Ivan the Terrible. Some researchers reject the importance of Peter's perestroika and the general policy of the Romanovs during this period. He was in such a hurry to achieve his goals in the shortest way and used such clumsy methods that after his untimely death the empire very quickly returned to the state from which Peter I Romanov was trying to bring it out. It turned out that it was impossible to completely change the people in one fell swoop, even by building a newly-made capital, shaving beards and ordering to gather for political rallies. More important is the policy of the Romanovs; in particular, the administrative reforms introduced by Peter - but they did not transform as much as we usually think.

The reign of the Romanov Dynasty, starting with Catherine I, acquired completely new facets. In this troubled time, the destiny of the country was ruled by military dictatorships, which put women on the throne - in the hope that it would be easier to govern them. Peter the Great reigned on the throne for forty-three years. This is more than anyone from the Romanov dynasty. Following him, it became simply dangerous for a man to be the head of the Russian throne.

Beginning with the first Romanovs, the history of the royal family is full of murders, deaths, bloodshed and intra-family strife. No wonder the last of the Romanovs, the great emperor Nicholas II, was nicknamed the Bloody, although the monarch himself was not distinguished by a cruel disposition.

The Emperor of All Russia, the Tsar of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty ascended the throne in 1894.

The reign of Nicholas II was marked by a rapid economic leap in Russia, at the same time by the simultaneous growth of various social and political contradictions within the country, the emergence of a revolutionary movement, which ultimately led to the revolutionary uprising of 1905-1907 and the February revolution of 1917.

Nicholas II is described as a gentle person, highly educated and sincerely devoted to the ideals of the country, but at the same time extremely stubborn. Hence the persistence in rejecting the opinion of experienced dignitaries in governing the country, which led to fatal mistakes in the policy of the Romanovs. The emperor's devoted love for his own wife, who in some historical sources was known as a somewhat mentally unbalanced person, gave rise to discrediting the royal family as the only true power. This was due to the fact that the wife of the great emperor had a weighty word in governing the state and did not miss the opportunity to use it - this did not suit many high-ranking officials. Many considered the last of the Romanov family a fatalist, while others were of the opinion that the emperor was simply indifferent to the suffering of the people.

The bloody revolution of 1917 was the result of the shaken power of the autocrat during the First World War and the ineffective policy of the Romanovs during this difficult period for the empire. The antagonists of the royal family argued that during this period Nicholas II was unable to timely implement the necessary political and social reorganizations.

The February Revolution of 1917 forced the last Romanov to abdicate. As a result, Nicholas II, along with the royal family, ended up under house arrest in a palace in Tsarskoye Selo.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Romanov dynasty ruled over one-sixth of the Earth's surface. It was practically a whole world, self-sufficient, independent and absolute, concentrating the greatest wealth in Europe. The culture of Russia, rich and vibrant, continued to shine for decades after the death of its distinguished benefactor. This was the world that ended after the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II and Alexandra, and their five children, in the basement of the Ipatiev House in the Ural city of Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16/17, 1918.

Tsarist Russia is a historically fixed entity, one of the most influential moments of which is the Romanov dynasty. Therefore, we must, as their descendants, remember the great monarchs who wisely and justly (albeit not always) ruled a huge country. Our website was created in order to give interested persons the necessary information about the members of this large family.