Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative degree shows that in one or another subject the feature is manifested to a greater extent than in another, for example: The left bank of the river cooler right; Left bank of the river more steep than the right one.
A superlative degree shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way, for example: Baikal - deepest lake on earth Baikal - the deepest lake on earth.
Adjectives in the form of a comparative degree in a sentence are predicates, and in the form of a superlative degree they are definitions.
281 . Write off, underlining adjectives in the comparative and superlative forms as members of the sentence. Above adjectives in the form of a comparative degree, inscribe sr., in the form of a superlative degree - prev. Is it possible to insert synonyms in place of the highlighted word? Why?
1. On the territory .. of our Motherland, even the largest river in Europe .. - Volga. 2. Central Siberian .. plateau - one of the largest in the world .. . 3. Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the highest volcano in Asia .. 3. 4. The pr..genus Severn.. Ural is more severe than the pr..genus Middle.. and South.. Ural.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.
A simple form of the comparative degree is formed by adding adjective suffixes to the base of the initial form -her(s) , for example: friendly - more friendly (to her); -e(before it there is an alternation of consonants), for example: loud - louder; -she, for example: thin - thinner.
Sometimes when adding suffixes -e And -she the suffix is cut off from the base of the initial form -to- (-ok, -ok), for example: sweet - sweeter, thin - thinner.
Adjectives small (small), bad, good form a simple comparative degree from other bases: less, worse, better.
Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by numbers, or by cases. In a sentence, they are predicates.
282 . Form a simple form of the comparative degree of adjectives. In what meaning is the highlighted word taken in the formation of the form of the comparative degree in the 2nd paragraph? in the 3rd?
- Beautiful - more beautiful; pr..intelligent, happy..living, calm, comfortable, terrible, pr..red, pr..lying, pr..quirky, pr..attractive, pr..visual, old, skillful, free..
- Long - longer; early, old, thin, distant, bitter.
- Small - less; bad, good.
283 . Write off, forming from the names of adjectives given in brackets, a simple comparative degree. Underline them as part of the sentence. Which adjectives have a simple comparative form taken from a different stem?
1. Health (expensive) gold. 4 2. Good words..va (good) me..whom p..horns. 3. After work 3 meals (delicious). 4. True (bright) sun. 5. Rainy., summer (bad) autumn ...
(Proverbs.)
The compound form of the comparative degree is usually formed by adding the word more to the initial form of the adjective: friendly - more friendly, loud - louder.
In adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree, the second word changes in gender, case and number, for example: at a higher price.
In a sentence, compound comparative adjectives are usually predicates and attributives, for example: This year the winter is snowier than last; We returned home along a wider road.
The compound form of the comparative degree is more often used in scientific style.
284 . Form a compound form of the comparative degree by using adjectives in all three genders. Make up 2-3 sentences with the written words.
Sad (?) ny, clear (?) ny, dangerous (?) ny, ruthless (?) ny, pr.. lying.
285 . Write off with missing commas. Underline the adjectives as part of the sentence. Name the types of orthograms in place of gaps and brackets.
My Fatherland Russia
Ural
I live in the depths .. not Russia ..,
In the land of lakes and ore rocks.
Here the rivers are blue 3 mountains are blue
And in blue 3 o.. lights meta (l, ll).
By cr.hote by hidden forces ..
I have nothing to compare my Urals with.
Another view here .. tsya Russia,
Severe, perhaps.
Or maybe she's younger...
St..zhey here time..no frontier (?).
But the Russian heart is still the same.
And kindness. And those songs!
And the faces are the same as in Ryazan ..,
And it also sounds (?) us to them .. on.
Like the sun in a precious grain..,
In the Urals .. Rus' is reflected.
(L. Tatyanicheva.)
Comparison of two objects on any basis can be expressed in different ways, for example: A brother is more attentive than a sister; Brother is more attentive than sister.
286 . Compare the following items in some way. Write down the resulting suggestions. Label the members of the sentence. How did you express the comparison? Express the same thoughts in a different way.
Sun and Earth. Moon and Earth. Ural and Caucasus mountains. Barents Sea and Black Sea. Vegetation 3 tundra and taiga vegetation. Yenisei and Volga.
The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.
A simple superlative form is formed by adding an adjective suffix to the base form -eysh- (-aysh-) , for example: fair - fairest. Before -aysh- alternation of consonants, for example: deep - deepest. This form of adjectives is most often used in book speech.
Adjectives in the simple superlative form are inflected.
The compound superlative form is a combination of the words most, most and the initial (initial) form of the adjective, for example: the most fair, the most strict.
In the compound superlative degree of adjectives, the word most is invariable, for example: in the most inaccessible place.
Superlative adjectives in a sentence are most often definitions.
287 . Write the adjectives in simple and compound superlative forms. Highlight the suffix, underline the alternating consonants.
288 . Write off by inserting the missing adjectives in the form of compound superlatives. Write the words in brackets in the correct form. Why are some proper names enclosed in quotation marks? Which of the proper names are not inclined? And in what case are they?
At the meeting of the "Club of famous captains" gathered - - seamen.. swimmers, travelers, towns.. swarms of adventure novels 4. - - among them was Dick Send, Mr..roy r..mana (Jules Verne) "Fifteen-year-old c..pit." - - everyone considered Tartarin from Tarascon, the hero of the novel (Alphonse Daudet), and - - was, of course, Baron Munchausen from books .. (Raspe). All members of the club 3 reckoned with the opinion - - of them Captain Nemo, one of the city of swarms of books .. (Jules Verne) "The Mysterious Island".
Reference: wise, cheerful, young, "truthful", famous.
289 . What rivers, lakes, mountains, cities are there in your area? Compare rivers by width and length, mountains by height, lakes by depth, cities and villages by size. Use synonyms when making sentences high-water, full-flowing; deep, bottomless; shallow, shallow, shallow. Underline the comparative adjectives.
Among the norms inherent in adjectives, the greatest difficulties are usually caused by the formation of certain forms of comparative and superlative degrees of qualitative adjectives and the use of these forms in speech.
When forming a form of a comparative degree, the following patterns should be taken into account.
1. Comparative forms are most often formed using suffixes -ee / -ee:
beautiful - more beautiful / more beautiful; strong - stronger / stronger.
Note, what forms more , less , further , longer , earlier do not have variants with the suffix -ey (variants earlier, less unacceptable in literary speech!).
2. If the stem of the adjective ends in g, k, x, then the suffix -e is used to form the comparative degree (with alternating consonants):
light - lighter, tight - tighter, dry - drier.
The same suffix with alternating consonants is used in the formation of the comparative degree of individual adjectives with a base on d, t, st, sk, zk:
rich - richer, young - younger, simple - simpler, close - closer, smooth - smoother, liquid - thinner, short - shorter, low - lower, rare - dir e, narrow cue - already e.
The use of forms like easier, younger is a gross mistake. At the same time, in common parlance the suffix -e may receive a more regular expression than in a literary language (for example, weaker, weaker), but in literary speech they are unacceptable!
3. With the help of the suffix -she, forms of the comparative degree are formed only for a few adjectives:
early - earlier, old - older, thin - thinner, bitter - bitter, distant - further, long - longer.
4. A number of adjectives form a comparative degree from another root:
good is better, bad is worse(unacceptable: worse!), small, small - less.
5. The meaning of comparison can be expressed both with the help of special suffixes and in a descriptive way - using the words more / less (comparative degree) and the words most / most (superlative degree):
nicer, more difficult; the best, the most difficult.
Totally unacceptable use two ways of expressing comparison at the same time: words more / less or most / most in combination with an adjective in a comparative or superlative degree! This error is very common in speech:
Today she was sadder than yesterday; He is the greatest physicist in the world.
The following sentences are grammatically correct:
Today she was more sad than yesterday; Today she was sadder than yesterday; He is the greatest physicist in the world; He is the greatest physicist in the world.
Exception make up the forms: the best, the worst.
Similar requirements apply to the use of comparative and superlative quality adverbs:
It is more difficult for her than for you; It's harder for her than for you.
It should be borne in mind that not all qualitative adjectives are able to form degrees of comparison with the help of the corresponding suffixes. Do not form such forms of the word:
immortal, brilliant, near, fighting, sick(about a human), stormy, upper, eternal, possible, strong-willed, outstanding, heroic, deaf(about a human), naked, proud, old, distant, businesslike, cruel, familiar, oblique, short, crooked(about a human), dead(not alive) peaceful, powerful, unknown, lower, general, excellent, advanced, positive, last, constant, similar, right(fair, truthful) empty(about the container: not filled with anything), developed, early, ragged, timid, blind, controversial, urgent, predatory, gloomy, colored, young and etc.
Some of these adjectives cannot be used in a comparative degree due to the specifics of their meaning (for example, one cannot be more or less immortal, more or less naked). Others could theoretically form a comparative degree, but due to their formal characteristics, they do not have such a form or have a little-used form. In the latter case, in informal speech, in some combinations, you can use a descriptive way of expressing the degree of comparison:
more strong-willed, more businesslike, more cruel.
Please note that when using the comparative and superlative forms in speech, several conditions must be taken into account.
1. The adjective in the comparative degree is used in combination with the genitive case of the name ( He is prettier than his sister) or in conjunction with the union how (Melons are sweeter than watermelons). These forms indicate the object of comparison. Without a dependent name indicating the object of comparison, adjectives in the comparative degree can be used:
when the attribute of one object is compared with the same attribute of another object known from the context:
I am familiar with all collections of his poems. The last collection is clearly weaker;
when the attribute of an object is compared with the same attribute in relation to the previous or subsequent state:
The memory of the sun in the heart is weakening, the grass is turning yellow(A. Akhmatova).
2. A similar dependence can also be traced when using adjectives in a superlative degree: it is necessary to indicate the range of objects, persons from which the one that is endowed with the same quality to the greatest extent stands out:
He was the hardest working in our family; He was the best among us.
In addition, the use of superlatives is not recommended if the comparison of objects or persons is impossible or incorrect.
So, the sentence is incorrect: A. Blok is the most talented poet of Russia. Each of the great Russian poets (A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, etc.) is unique in its own way, and distribution by place is unacceptable here, as is done, for example, in sports. If necessary, you can use constructions like: A. Blok is one of the most talented poets in Russia.
It should be noted that in some cases such uses are intentional and are associated with certain, for example, political goals. As an example, one can cite the statement of I.V. Stalin about the poet V.V. Mayakovsky: Mayakovsky was and remains best, most talented poet of our Soviet era".
COMPARATIVE
comparative shows that in one or another subject a sign is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in another, for example : Conversationsbecame louder, more incoherent Andmore fun . (A. Pushkin.)
1. A simple comparative degree is an invariable form of an adjective: The clouds became as if thinner and more transparent.(M. Gorky.)
2. Comparison of two objects on some basis can be expressed in different ways: Left bank of the rivercooler right; Left bank of the rivertougher than right; Left bank of the rivercooler than right.
3. Forms of the comparative degree of adjectives formed with a prefix By-(meaning "a little more") are more often used in colloquial speech.
4. Some adjectives do not form a simple comparative degree: bulky, emaciated, superfluous, brittle, massive, sloping, advanced, early, timid, salty, etc.
Adjectives in the form compound comparative degree the second word changes in cases, numbers and gender, for example: After the first goal, the game becamemore interesting. After the first goal, the opponent becamemore aggressive. more daring the player managed to score a goal. After the first goal, the Spartacists becamemore determined .
When forming a compound form of a comparative degree after the word more (less) You can't use an adjective in a simple comparative degree. . The stern face of the father became even more sullen.(V. Korolenko.) The stern face of the father became even more sullen. You can not say "more gloomy."
In a sentence, adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree can be definitions and predicates: Somethingmore terrible than the sudden gust of an autumn storm hit the tops of the pines.(B. Field.) Now she lookedmore painful than in spring.
Superlatives
Superlatives shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way, for example : Labor -the best, the most radical medicine.(K. Simonov.) In the morning he chose for a long time among the printed picturesthe most distinct. Finally two were put asidethe best . (L. Radishchev.)
1. Suffix -aysh- used after g, k, x, which alternate with hissing w, h, sh. Suffix -aysh- the superlative is always stressed: the closest
village, the strictest order.
2. If the adjective from which the superlative degree is formed has a monosyllabic stem (smart, fast, gentle), then the stress falls on the suffix (smartest, fastest, gentlest). If the adjective from which the superlative is derived has two or more syllables, the stress remains on the syllable where it is in the initial form. (beautiful - the most beautiful, interesting - the most interesting, affectionate - the most affectionate).
3. For adjectives that have in the initial form -sk-, -i-, -ov-, -ev-, -ast-, -ist-, -at-, -liv-, -To-, the simple superlative form is not formed: whitish, sick, turbulent, fibrous, big-headed, loud, long, friendly, cool, brittle, affectionate, young, native, talkative, early, dry, narrow, skillful, frequent, etc.
Superlative adjectives change by gender, case, and number: Well, Savushkin, it only means that there is still a short waynot the most faithful . (Yu. Nagibin.) The most amazing in this forest was not a winter oak,
and a small man in worn boots.(Yu. Nagibin.)
Morphological norms.
Task A3 (morphological norms of the Russian language) tests your ability to correctly choose the form of the word of the following parts of speech:
noun;
adjective and adverb;
numeral name;
pronouns;
Details about the rest of the parts of speech can be found in the article morphological analysis of the word.
Noun.
Rule.
1) Prepositional case of the singular (endings - у or -е):
Y is used in case of adverbial meaning: in the closet, in the garden.
E with an objective meaning: to understand the garden.
2) Nominative plural (endings -а or -ы).
Distinguish!
3) The use of gender forms
Distinguish!
Adjective and adverb (degrees of comparison).
| degree | comparative( denotes a sign that manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent) | superlative( denotes a feature that manifests itself in any subject to the greatest extent) |
| simple form: | suffixes: -E, -EE, -EY, -SHE | suffixes –AYSH, -EYSH, sometimes: prefix NAI- + suffixes –AYSH, -EYSH The adverb has no superlative degree! |
| compound form: | MORE, LESS + adjective (adverb) in the initial form | 1) simple comparative degree + ALL (TOTAL) 2) MOST, MOST + adjective in the initial form (adjective only) |
Rule.
DO NOT combine superlative and comparative forms, as well as simple and compound forms of both degrees of comparison!
For example, it is IMPOSSIBLE to be the thinnest, the worst, the least beautiful.
IT IS POSSIBLE the thinnest or thinnest, thinner or worse, least beautiful or more beautiful.
Remember!
brisk - brisk and brisk,
flexible - more flexible
smooth - smoother
deep - deeper
bitter (experience) - bitterer,
bitter (taste) - bitter,
wild - wilder or wilder,
dexterous - more dexterous or more dexterous,
small - smaller
narrow - already
biting - biting
Numeral.
declension of numbers
Distinguish!
| Cardinal numbers
(How many?) |
ordinals
(Which number?) |
| all words decline: R.p. (no) seven hundred and eighty two etc. (what?) seven hundred and eighty-two
I., V. -one and a halfA(m., cf.),one and a halfs(female) R., D., T., P. -floorattorusA
I., V. -zeroending, R., D., T., P. -ending-A
both parts end the same heelsAndtenAnd, fiveYutenYu
both parts are inclined, in case of difficulty, substitute instead of the word honeycomb - note I., V. five notes -five hundred. R. five notes -heelsAndhundred D. five notes -heelsAndstam T. five notes -fiveYustami P. about five notes - aboutheelsAndstOh |
only the last word declines up to one thousand six hundred and eighty-six in two thousand five hundred and ninety-seven When specifying the date after the ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the fifth of January before the first of September |
combination of collective nouns with nouns 
Pronoun.
| Error | Example | Corrected version |
| cases of incorrect use of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person in indirect cases with a preposition (without the initial n) | I love her | I love her |
| Trap! After some prepositions, pronouns do not have the initial n-: thanks to him, including him, outside him, contrary to him, after him, towards him, in spite of him, like him, like him, in the middle of him (but: in the middle of him!), through him, according to him | ||
| combinations with her, for her, from her have an archaic character | what can be expected of her | what can be expected of her |
| erroneous formation of the genitive form of the interrogative (relative) pronoun how much | Her attitude towards the players is outrageous. Their goat butts | Her attitude towards the players is outrageous. Their goat butts |
| unjustified omission of the reflexive pronoun self | She represents nothing! Let me move on to the next question. |
She is nothing! Let me move on to the next question. |
| pronoun as a superfluous word | This leader, she herself is the weakest link | She, this leader, is the weakest link |
| violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate and violation of agreement with the replaced word. With the words WHO and WHAT - the predicate is put only in the singular! |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who doesn't know the answers should leave the game |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who doesn't know the answers should leave the game |
| ambiguity in the use of a pronoun | Arkady and Boris argued, and he (who exactly?) Was not surprised why I did not support him | |
Verb.
Rule.
Verbs CONVINCE, CONQUER, FEEL, FIND OUT, PIERCE, HANG, DARE, BE FUCKING, BLOW, EAR, RETAKE, GRATE, BUCK, BUZY, RUST and some others, the forms of the 1st person singular are not used: i I swear, I swear, I swear.
Action algorithm.
1) Determine the forms of which part of speech are presented in the answer options.
2) Identify the main features of this form (identify the gender, number, case, person, etc.)
3) Think about where the errors might be.
Parsing the task.
Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
1) in the year one thousand eight hundred
2) a few hot pancakes
3) lie down on the floor
4) walk towards them
Option number 1.
In the year eighteen hundred- we are interested in the ordinal number in the form of the prepositional case. We recall: in an ordinal number, only the last part should change during declension, that is thousand stays the same, only changes eight hundred. This means that the form is formed correctly.
Option number 2.
Several hot pancakes. Paying attention to the noun fritters, which is in the genitive plural form. It is necessary to remember the rules for using variants of endings: -ov, zero, -ey. We put in the initial form - fritter, is a feminine noun with an unstressed ending -я. Thus, the ending in R.p. pl. hours must be zero: fritters formed correctly.