"The golden stars dozed off, The mirror of the backwater trembled, The light dawns on the river backwaters And blushes the grid of the sky"
Physical quantity
Physical quantity- the measured property of a body or phenomenon.
You have already met many physical quantities on
math lessons.
These are, for example, length, volume, mass, time and
a lot others.
In addition to the name, each physical quantity has
designation and units .
We say that the mass of a bucket of water is 8 kg, the length of the pencil is 18 cm, and the time
sunrise - 7 o'clock in the morning. Where do these numbers come from?
And in general - the values of all physical quantities?
Numerical values of quantities appear during measurements.
Measure- means to compare with measure, that is, a sample for comparison. For example, weights serve as a measure for the mass of a bucket of water,
a measure of the length of a pencil - divisions on a ruler,
and the measure of the time of sunrise is the position of the hand on the watch dial.
So, to measure some quantity, it means to compare it with a homogeneous physical quantity, taken as a unit of measurement.
Measures are often inseparable from measuring instruments.
Measures are often inseparable from measuring instruments. For example, weights cannot be used without weights,
and the divisions on the watch dial are without a mechanism that rotates the hands.
A clock, a scale, a ruler, a speedometer are all examples of measuring instruments.
No measure or measuring device is absolutely accurate.
Let's make an experiment.
Take two 1 kg cast iron weights,
which are used in trade.
Let's put them on a laboratory scale.
They will show that the masses of the weights are not exactly the same.
The difference can be up to several grams! There are several reasons for this: inaccuracy in the manufacture of weights, their wear during prolonged use, adhesion of dust particles, and others.
Such reasons always lead to the fact that measuring instruments and measures introduce some inaccuracy into the measurement result - an error.
However, the question remains:
However, the question remains:
which of the values to take to record the result of measuring the length of a pencil?
You can choose any,
but additional measurements can be made.
At the same time, re-align the end of the pencil with the zero scale mark,
and place the eye more precisely over the end of the lead.
Such multiple measurements
will allow you to choose with more confidence
one of the pencil length values,
for example, the first is 18.7 cm.
Most often, multiple measurements are carried out in order to
to calculate mean measured value.
This is one of the methods to reduce the error of the measurement result.
This is how you will do, for example, in some laboratory work.
The measurement error cannot be more than the scale division of the device.
The absolute measurement error is equal to half of the scale division of the measuring device.
What do you think - do the thermometers shown in the figure show the same temperature?
Different?
Wrong! The thermometer readings are the same: 26 ° C.
However, their scales differ from each other. Let us find out what this difference consists in.
For example, between the strokes 20 ° and 30 ° on the left thermometer, the same divisions(intervals), how many are between 20 ° and 40 ° on the right thermometer. Count: exactly 10 divisions.
However, they measure different degrees! Therefore, they say that the scales of these thermometers have different the price of divisions.
So, 10 divisions on the left thermometer
measure 10 degrees (since 30 ° - 20 ° = 10 °),
a 10 divisions on the right thermometer
they are already measuring 20 degrees (since 40 ° - 20 ° = 20 °).
Therefore, there is 1 degree for one division of the left thermometer scale,
and the right scale is 2 degrees.
Let's write our
Let's write our
calculations as fractions:
We have: CD lion = 1 ° / div,
CD rights = 2 ° / div.
Make sure that the right thermometer reads exactly 26 ° C. After a stroke of 20 ° C, the border of the tinted alcohol rose
into 3 divisions.
Since the price of the divisions is 2 ° С / div,
then we write the equality:
temperature = 20 ° С + 3 div 2 ° С / div, temperature = 20 ° С + 6 ° С, temperature = 26 ° С.
These actions:
look at the scale of the instrument
and necessary calculations
are called scale reading measuring instrument.
Since ancient times, people have used many units to measure various quantities.
Since 1918, the so-called metric system of measures. It is adopted in almost all European countries and in many non-European states. It is based on the so-called decimal principle: each major unit contains the ten next lower units.
mega = 1,000,000 kilos = 1,000 deci = 0.1 centi = 0.01 milli = 0.001 micro = 0.000001
Take a look at equality. The left column lists some of the so-called decimal prefixes. They serve to form larger and smaller units of measurement (they are called multiples and subdivisions). The right column lists the prefix values.
For example, the length of a web of fabric in a roll was once measured with "elbows", because it is convenient to wind the fabric around the hand between the palm and the elbow. The distance between settlements was measured in "miles" (lat. Mille - a thousand). A thousand double steps (step left, step right) on a straight road was one mile. There were other units, and in each country and, at times, localities within the country - their own.
Prefix names and meanings are completely interchangeable.
Let's look at some examples.
5 kilo meters = 5 1000 meters = 5000 meters 200 Milli grams = 200 0,001 grams = 0.2 grams 5 dm3 = 5 ( deci Meter) 3 = 5 deci 3 meter3 = 5 0,1 3 m3 = 0.005 m3
For the determination of volumes of liquids and solids
bodies are used: beakers, measuring cups, volumetric flasks, pipettes, burettes, graduated cylinders.
Beakers are conical and cylindrical.
1. In order to correctly measure with a measuring cylinder the required volume of uncolored transparent liquid - water, it is poured so that the lower edge of the meniscus is at eye level and the required division of the cylinder.
2. Observe the correct position of the cylinder relative to the eyes when filling it with liquid!
ZH.ZHITELEVA,
V.ZHITELEV,
school number 19,
Lyubertsy,
Moscow region
Slow reading of Yesenin's poem "The golden stars fell asleep ..."
The concept of a metaphor
The purpose of the lesson, the methodological development of which is offered to the attention of a language teacher is teaching sixth-graders a deeper understanding of the text of a work at a linguistic level. This is possible at the junction of two school disciplines - the Russian language and literature. In our opinion, in the middle grades, a series of lessons is needed to solve this problem. After all, the ultimate and main goal of literary education for schoolchildren is to instill in adolescents an interest in fiction in its best examples and a deep understanding of verbal art.
The lesson was conducted by Zh.I. Zhiteleva.
Before the lesson begins, the words are written on the chalkboard:
bay, backwater, backwater
dress up, dress up, dress up
sky
wattle
earring
nacre
DURING THE CLASSES
Preliminary work with the vocabulary of the poem
In our language (however, as in all languages), there is a constant process of disappearance of some words and the appearance of others. This is mainly due to the changing living conditions of people.
Today we will read a poem that was created not so long ago, less than a hundred years ago. In this small poem, we will come across words that cannot be said to have disappeared from the Russian language, but, unfortunately, they are no longer known to many.
I said “unfortunately,” because words, leaving the language, impoverish our speech and take with them a piece of the soul of our people, that is, you and I are losing part of the spiritual heritage that was created by the previous generations of our compatriots.
Here are three words: bay, backwater, backwater. One of them - bay- should be familiar to you: you heard it in geography lessons. What does it mean? ( « Part of a body of water, such as the sea, extending into land » ).
The words backwater and backwater close to it in meaning. Why this is so, we will understand when we select words related to them. What are the verbs that have a common root with a noun? bay. (Fill, pour.) Can you guess which verbs are related to the noun? backwater? .. By analogy with a chain of cognate words bay - pour - pour build a series of words related to a noun backwater. (Backwater - sink - sink.) Backwater called the bay of the river.
It is not hard to guess which word the noun comes from. backwater . (From the noun water.) Noun backwater, like a noun backwater, means "river bay".
Verbs: dress up, dress up and dress up mean the same thing, but only one of them is in our active vocabulary. Name this verb. (Dress up.) The rest are now outdated words and are used extremely rarely.
Word sky Do any of you know? .. The meaning of this noun is suggested by the words of which it is composed. What words does it consist of? (Of the nouns sky and slope.) Word slope need to explain? .. What does it mean, for example, in the expression hillside? ("Inclined surface of the hill"). So how do you explain to yourself the meaning of the word sky? ("This is the part of the sky along the horizon that has an apparent slope"). Let's check our interpretation with the explanatory dictionary. In the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary we will read: "Part of the sky above the horizon."
Word wattle familiar to you? What are the cognate words for this noun? ... (Weave, weave.) called a hedge, woven from twigs and branches.
Now about the word earring ... It seems that there is nothing to say here: everyone saw jewelry in their ears. But have you seen earrings on birches? Expression birch earrings have you heard? What is called birch earrings? (Inflorescences of small birch flowers.) Here we observe an interesting linguistic phenomenon: the name of one object is transferred to another, because people have noticed something in common, similar between these objects. The amazing property of language - to transfer a name from one object or phenomenon to another object or phenomenon - is often used by poets.
There is one more word left for us to clarify - nacre ... Do you think this is an original Russian word or is it borrowed from some foreign language?
We learn from dictionaries that it is borrowed from the German language and means the substance that makes up the inner layer of shells. Mother-of-pearl has an iridescent iridescent color and is used for making jewelry. Pearls are formed from nacre in shells.
Reading a poem. Conversation with the class
Now listen carefully to the poem of the remarkable Russian poet Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin. It is small, but fraught with many mysteries for an inexperienced reader, so it may turn out to be incomprehensible for some of you, and therefore uninteresting. But these riddles will turn into sparkling poetic facets.
The teacher reads a poem.
Golden stars fell asleep,
The backwater mirror trembled,
The light dawns on the river backwaters
And blush the grid of the sky.Sleepy birches smiled
Silk braids were tousled.
Rustling green earrings
And silver dew burns.The wattle fence has overgrown nettles
Dressed in bright mother-of-pearl
And, rocking, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!".
Open the textbook * on page 317. Here is Yesenin's poem. As you can see, it has no title. Can you give a title to the poem? Which line tells us the title of the poem? (Last: Good morning! The poem can be called "Morning".)
Can you tell me which morning the poet draws: before sunrise or when the sun has already risen? Please note: light blush the grid of the sky. When can sunlight blush the sky? When can a dawn be red, ruddy? (Until the sun rises.)
What time of year do you think the poem describes in the morning: spring, winter, summer, autumn?
In general, the content of the poem is clear. But let's re-read it once more in order to penetrate deeply into every line of this little piece.
The golden stars fell asleep.
Tell me: can the stars doze off? (Can not.) Then what is the meaning of the words the stars fell asleep?
Do you think the verb is used here in a direct or figurative sense dozed off? (In portable.) Let's come up with a sentence in which this verb will be used in its direct meaning, for example: Baby dozed off... Imagine seeing a child dozing off. Probably, each of you will have the following thought: here the child was running, jumping, playing, frolicking and, having played enough, calmed down, calmed down, calmed down, dozed off.
Now back to the expression the stars fell asleep... Tell me, do the stars shine the same at night and in the morning? (At night, the stars sparkle brightly, they are radiant, larger, more interesting; by morning they dim, seem calm, seemingly dozing off.) So with one common word, but used in a figurative sense, the poet makes us see the night and morning stars and compare them with each other, draws a picture of the end of the night and the approach of morning.
The backwater mirror trembled.
Does the backwater have a mirror? What is named backwater mirror? (The surface of the backwater.) The name of one object - a mirror - has been transferred to another object - the surface of water. What property of the water surface does the poet highlight when he calls it a mirror? (The ability to reflect light like a mirror.) The author forces the reader see it is a huge water "mirror".
Let's re-read this line again ...
The words shake, shake, shake we know very well. Can the water surface of a reservoir to shiver? (Can not.) Comes out, and the verb trembled not used in a literal sense? How is this phrase to be understood? (Ripples appeared on the water surface of the backwater, that is, small waves.) Do you know what causes ripples? A light breeze on an early summer morning is a sign of a warm, sunny day.
The light dawns on the river backwaters
And blush the grid of the sky.
Do you imagine sky grid? How can you illustrate words on a canvas light blush the grid of the sky? (Between light clouds painted in red and pink, a blue sky peeps through in different places.)
The light dawns on the river backwaters.
Gotta explain the verb dawns? About the early morning, when, after the darkness of the night, it just begins to dawn, they say: dawn is dawn, dawn is dawn, light is dawning... Reading the poem, we see a dawning dawn not only in the sky, but also in the "mirror" of the backwaters.
Let's reread the first stanza in its entirety and expressively. The poetic picture of the gradual onset of the morning will correspond to a calm, measured reading.
Sleepy birches smiled
Silk braids were tousled.
In this sentence, only one word is used in its direct meaning. Which? (Birches.) I will reread the sentence, omitting a word in it birches, and you tell me who or what it is about.
Sleepy smiled, silk braids tousled.
About whom can I say that? (Only about girls, or, in the language of folk poetry, about red girls.)
Girlish braids, even disheveled girlish braids, each of us can easily imagine in his imagination; and who will say what it is birch braids? (These are thin, long branches hanging from birch branches.)
Are birches disheveled your branches-braids? (The birch branches are fluttered by the wind, the very breeze from which the backwater mirror trembled.)
In what sense is the adjective used here silk? (In the sense of "beautiful".) Let's remember the first line of the poem: the stars are golden. Adjective gold in this expression has the same meaning; which? (Beautiful.)
How do you understand the expression sleepy birches? They "dozed off" like the stars? (They did not "doze off", but, on the contrary, "woke up", but they have not yet completely recovered from the night's sleep.) Woke up - and with a joyful smile they greet the onset of a new day! Just like people! Just like girls!
Let's read the second stanza in its entirety ...
Silver dew burns... How do you imagine this? (Dew drops sparkle on the birch trees as brightly as if they were burning.) In what sense is the adjective used silver? (Silver color, beautiful.) Dew drops, illuminated by the sun, sparkle with all the colors of the rainbow, and not illuminated by the sun are silvery.
Let's read the last stanza ...
Nettle was dressed in bright mother-of-pearl. What would you depict in a picture? (Nettles in sparkling dew drops.)
Reflections on what you read. The concept of a metaphor
Now that the poem has been read, think about what we read. Astounding fact: the most common words (dozed off, mirror, mesh) demanded from us hard work of thought.
Here we have painted a verbal picture of the phrase Nettle / dressed in bright mother-of-pearl... As you can see, it is not mother-of-pearl that is called mother-of-pearl, but dew, that is, the name of one object - mother-of-pearl - has been transferred to another object - dew. A word that transfers the name of one object to another is called in linguistics metaphor.
Greek word metaphor and means "transfer".
Let's find other nouns-metaphors in the poem. What the poet calls mirror? The name of one object - a mirror - has been transferred to another object - the surface of a reservoir. Noun mirror in this case it is a metaphor.
See the next two lines. Each of us knows well what thing, what product is called a word net. And in the poem what is called a grid? (A kind of pattern of the arrangement of clouds in the sky.) Here is another noun used in a metaphorical sense.
Which word is replaced by a word braids? (Noun branches.)
Metaphor is a noun earrings in combination birch catkins? So far, we have dealt with metaphors created by the poet himself: mirror backwater, net sky, braids birch trees, mother of pearl dew is named. Now we have met a metaphor that exists in the Russian language, so you may not notice the metaphorical nature of this word. Take a look at Dictionary Russian, and you will effortlessly discover many expressions in which nouns are used in a metaphorical sense. For example, in phrases eyeball, doorknob, ship nose, train tail, table leg, chair back and many, many others. Such expressions are so common in our speech that we do not even feel the metaphor contained in them.
The poem also contains adjective metaphors. An adjective used in a metaphorical sense transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object.
Could it be sleepy an inanimate object - a tree? In this case, the property of living beings is attributed to birches. Birch branches named silk... Is this a metaphor? And the adjective silver in expression silver dew?
Can the adjective be considered a metaphor? gold?
What is the general meaning of all three adjectives: gold, silk, silver? (Beautiful.)
The poem ends with words Good morning! Do you think a metaphor is an adjective Kind in expression good morning?
Like an expression good morning or Good morning, in the Russian language there are many other stable phrases with adjectives used in a metaphorical sense, for example: golden time, hazy meaning, idioms, black deeds other.
So, the noun-metaphor transfers the name of one subject to another; the adjective-metaphor transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object. A verb can also be used as a metaphor.
An inanimate object - the stars - is attributed to an action characteristic of a living being, - dozed off?
You will find other verbs-metaphors in Yesenin's poem at home on your own.
Metaphor in its meaning is close to comparison: one object or phenomenon is likened to another object or phenomenon. A metaphor can be said to be an incomplete, truncated comparison. The word used in a metaphorical sense acquires extraordinary expressiveness, imagery, clarity, emotionality. Therefore, the metaphor is widely used in works of fiction, especially in poetry.
Homework
Find metaphorical verbs in the poem.
Prepare an expressive recitation of the poem.
Run a drawing competition for a poem.
* Literature. Educational reader for the 6th grade of secondary school. Author-compiler V.P. Polukhina M .: Education, 1992.S. 317.
“The golden stars have dozed off, The mirror of the backwater trembled, The light dawns on the river backwaters And blush the grid of the sky. Sleepy birches smiled, Silk braids were tousled, Green earrings rustle, And silver dew burns. Near the wattle fence, overgrown nettles Dressed in bright mother-of-pearl And, swaying, whispers playfully, "Good morning!"
Choose the appropriate answer and argue: For what purpose did Yesenin write this poem? To report what happened to Swan; To report what happened to Swan; To draw attention to the beauty of nature; To draw attention to the beauty of nature; To cause mutual empathy; To cause mutual empathy; To convey your sadness To convey your sadness
Friends, learn loyalty from the swans! Love as these birds love. After all, if you take the universe, nothing like this love can be compared. They are not people, But what to become, What tenderness, Devotion to each other. Their feeling is impossible to convey, It is like a true miracle!
Internet resources - a portrait of Sergei Yesenin - the village of Konstantinovo - the cover of Sergei Yesenin's book Lebedushka guest / FS252-16 / 7864-Romans_Nad_Oko6kom_Mesyats.mp3 - Above the window is the month guest / FS252-16 / 7864-Romans_Nad_Oko6kom_Mesyats.mp3 - a swan with spread wings - a swan on the lake - a swan pair - Tchaikovsky Castle - Swan Lake 2 http://files.tvspas - illustration Swan - a swan with a chick - a kite
ZH.ZHITELEVA,
V.ZHITELEV,
school number 19,
Lyubertsy,
Moscow region
Slow reading of Yesenin's poem "The golden stars fell asleep ..."
The concept of a metaphor
The purpose of the lesson, the methodological development of which is offered to the attention of a language teacher is teaching sixth-graders a deeper understanding of the text of a work at a linguistic level. This is possible at the junction of two school disciplines - the Russian language and literature. In our opinion, in the middle grades, a series of lessons is needed to solve this problem. After all, the ultimate and main goal of literary education for schoolchildren is to instill in adolescents an interest in fiction in its best examples and a deep understanding of verbal art.
The lesson was conducted by Zh.I. Zhiteleva.
Before the lesson begins, the words are written on the chalkboard:
bay, backwater, backwater
dress up, dress up, dress up
sky
wattle
earring
nacre
DURING THE CLASSES
Preliminary work with the vocabulary of the poem
In our language (however, as in all languages), there is a constant process of disappearance of some words and the appearance of others. This is mainly due to the changing living conditions of people.
Today we will read a poem that was created not so long ago, less than a hundred years ago. In this small poem, we will come across words that cannot be said to have disappeared from the Russian language, but, unfortunately, they are no longer known to many.
I said “unfortunately,” because words, leaving the language, impoverish our speech and take with them a piece of the soul of our people, that is, you and I are losing part of the spiritual heritage that was created by the previous generations of our compatriots.
Here are three words: bay, backwater, backwater. One of them - bay- should be familiar to you: you heard it in geography lessons. What does it mean? ( « Part of a body of water, such as the sea, extending into land » ).
The words backwater and backwater close to it in meaning. Why this is so, we will understand when we select words related to them. What are the verbs that have a common root with a noun? bay. (Fill, pour.) Can you guess which verbs are related to the noun? backwater? .. By analogy with a chain of cognate words bay - pour - pour build a series of words related to a noun backwater. (Backwater - sink - sink.) Backwater called the bay of the river.
It is not hard to guess which word the noun comes from. backwater . (From the noun water.) Noun backwater, like a noun backwater, means "river bay".
Verbs: dress up, dress up and dress up mean the same thing, but only one of them is in our active vocabulary. Name this verb. (Dress up.) The rest are now outdated words and are used extremely rarely.
Word sky Do any of you know? .. The meaning of this noun is suggested by the words of which it is composed. What words does it consist of? (Of the nouns sky and slope.) Word slope need to explain? .. What does it mean, for example, in the expression hillside? ("Inclined surface of the hill"). So how do you explain to yourself the meaning of the word sky? ("This is the part of the sky along the horizon that has an apparent slope"). Let's check our interpretation with the explanatory dictionary. In the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary we will read: "Part of the sky above the horizon."
Word wattle familiar to you? What are the cognate words for this noun? ... (Weave, weave.) called a hedge, woven from twigs and branches.
Now about the word earring ... It seems that there is nothing to say here: everyone saw jewelry in their ears. But have you seen earrings on birches? Expression birch earrings have you heard? What is called birch earrings? (Inflorescences of small birch flowers.) Here we observe an interesting linguistic phenomenon: the name of one object is transferred to another, because people have noticed something in common, similar between these objects. The amazing property of language - to transfer a name from one object or phenomenon to another object or phenomenon - is often used by poets.
There is one more word left for us to clarify - nacre ... Do you think this is an original Russian word or is it borrowed from some foreign language?
We learn from dictionaries that it is borrowed from the German language and means the substance that makes up the inner layer of shells. Mother-of-pearl has an iridescent iridescent color and is used for making jewelry. Pearls are formed from nacre in shells.
Reading a poem. Conversation with the class
Now listen carefully to the poem of the remarkable Russian poet Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin. It is small, but fraught with many mysteries for an inexperienced reader, so it may turn out to be incomprehensible for some of you, and therefore uninteresting. But these riddles will turn into sparkling poetic facets.
The teacher reads a poem.
Golden stars fell asleep,
The backwater mirror trembled,
The light dawns on the river backwaters
And blush the grid of the sky.Sleepy birches smiled
Silk braids were tousled.
Rustling green earrings
And silver dew burns.The wattle fence has overgrown nettles
Dressed in bright mother-of-pearl
And, rocking, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!".
Open the textbook * on page 317. Here is Yesenin's poem. As you can see, it has no title. Can you give a title to the poem? Which line tells us the title of the poem? (Last: Good morning! The poem can be called "Morning".)
Can you tell me which morning the poet draws: before sunrise or when the sun has already risen? Please note: light blush the grid of the sky. When can sunlight blush the sky? When can a dawn be red, ruddy? (Until the sun rises.)
What time of year do you think the poem describes in the morning: spring, winter, summer, autumn?
In general, the content of the poem is clear. But let's re-read it once more in order to penetrate deeply into every line of this little piece.
The golden stars fell asleep.
Tell me: can the stars doze off? (Can not.) Then what is the meaning of the words the stars fell asleep?
Do you think the verb is used here in a direct or figurative sense dozed off? (In portable.) Let's come up with a sentence in which this verb will be used in its direct meaning, for example: Baby dozed off... Imagine seeing a child dozing off. Probably, each of you will have the following thought: here the child was running, jumping, playing, frolicking and, having played enough, calmed down, calmed down, calmed down, dozed off.
Now back to the expression the stars fell asleep... Tell me, do the stars shine the same at night and in the morning? (At night, the stars sparkle brightly, they are radiant, larger, more interesting; by morning they dim, seem calm, seemingly dozing off.) So with one common word, but used in a figurative sense, the poet makes us see the night and morning stars and compare them with each other, draws a picture of the end of the night and the approach of morning.
The backwater mirror trembled.
Does the backwater have a mirror? What is named backwater mirror? (The surface of the backwater.) The name of one object - a mirror - has been transferred to another object - the surface of water. What property of the water surface does the poet highlight when he calls it a mirror? (The ability to reflect light like a mirror.) The author forces the reader see it is a huge water "mirror".
Let's re-read this line again ...
The words shake, shake, shake we know very well. Can the water surface of a reservoir to shiver? (Can not.) Comes out, and the verb trembled not used in a literal sense? How is this phrase to be understood? (Ripples appeared on the water surface of the backwater, that is, small waves.) Do you know what causes ripples? A light breeze on an early summer morning is a sign of a warm, sunny day.
The light dawns on the river backwaters
And blush the grid of the sky.
Do you imagine sky grid? How can you illustrate words on a canvas light blush the grid of the sky? (Between light clouds painted in red and pink, a blue sky peeps through in different places.)
The light dawns on the river backwaters.
Gotta explain the verb dawns? About the early morning, when, after the darkness of the night, it just begins to dawn, they say: dawn is dawn, dawn is dawn, light is dawning... Reading the poem, we see a dawning dawn not only in the sky, but also in the "mirror" of the backwaters.
Let's reread the first stanza in its entirety and expressively. The poetic picture of the gradual onset of the morning will correspond to a calm, measured reading.
Sleepy birches smiled
Silk braids were tousled.
In this sentence, only one word is used in its direct meaning. Which? (Birches.) I will reread the sentence, omitting a word in it birches, and you tell me who or what it is about.
Sleepy smiled, silk braids tousled.
About whom can I say that? (Only about girls, or, in the language of folk poetry, about red girls.)
Girlish braids, even disheveled girlish braids, each of us can easily imagine in his imagination; and who will say what it is birch braids? (These are thin, long branches hanging from birch branches.)
Are birches disheveled your branches-braids? (The birch branches are fluttered by the wind, the very breeze from which the backwater mirror trembled.)
In what sense is the adjective used here silk? (In the sense of "beautiful".) Let's remember the first line of the poem: the stars are golden. Adjective gold in this expression has the same meaning; which? (Beautiful.)
How do you understand the expression sleepy birches? They "dozed off" like the stars? (They did not "doze off", but, on the contrary, "woke up", but they have not yet completely recovered from the night's sleep.) Woke up - and with a joyful smile they greet the onset of a new day! Just like people! Just like girls!
Let's read the second stanza in its entirety ...
Silver dew burns... How do you imagine this? (Dew drops sparkle on the birch trees as brightly as if they were burning.) In what sense is the adjective used silver? (Silver color, beautiful.) Dew drops, illuminated by the sun, sparkle with all the colors of the rainbow, and not illuminated by the sun are silvery.
Let's read the last stanza ...
Nettle was dressed in bright mother-of-pearl. What would you depict in a picture? (Nettles in sparkling dew drops.)
Reflections on what you read. The concept of a metaphor
Now that the poem has been read, think about what we read. Astounding fact: the most common words (dozed off, mirror, mesh) demanded from us hard work of thought.
Here we have painted a verbal picture of the phrase Nettle / dressed in bright mother-of-pearl... As you can see, it is not mother-of-pearl that is called mother-of-pearl, but dew, that is, the name of one object - mother-of-pearl - has been transferred to another object - dew. A word that transfers the name of one object to another is called in linguistics metaphor.
Greek word metaphor and means "transfer".
Let's find other nouns-metaphors in the poem. What the poet calls mirror? The name of one object - a mirror - has been transferred to another object - the surface of a reservoir. Noun mirror in this case it is a metaphor.
See the next two lines. Each of us knows well what thing, what product is called a word net. And in the poem what is called a grid? (A kind of pattern of the arrangement of clouds in the sky.) Here is another noun used in a metaphorical sense.
Which word is replaced by a word braids? (Noun branches.)
Metaphor is a noun earrings in combination birch catkins? So far, we have dealt with metaphors created by the poet himself: mirror backwater, net sky, braids birch trees, mother of pearl dew is named. Now we have met a metaphor that exists in the Russian language, so you may not notice the metaphorical nature of this word. Look into the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, and you will effortlessly discover many expressions in which nouns are used in a metaphorical sense. For example, in phrases eyeball, doorknob, ship nose, train tail, table leg, chair back and many, many others. Such expressions are so common in our speech that we do not even feel the metaphor contained in them.
The poem also contains adjective metaphors. An adjective used in a metaphorical sense transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object.
Could it be sleepy an inanimate object - a tree? In this case, the property of living beings is attributed to birches. Birch branches named silk... Is this a metaphor? And the adjective silver in expression silver dew?
Can the adjective be considered a metaphor? gold?
What is the general meaning of all three adjectives: gold, silk, silver? (Beautiful.)
The poem ends with words Good morning! Do you think a metaphor is an adjective Kind in expression good morning?
Like an expression good morning or Good morning, in the Russian language there are many other stable phrases with adjectives used in a metaphorical sense, for example: golden time, hazy meaning, winged expressions, black deeds other.
So, the noun-metaphor transfers the name of one subject to another; the adjective-metaphor transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object. A verb can also be used as a metaphor.
An inanimate object - the stars - is attributed to an action characteristic of a living being, - dozed off?
You will find other verbs-metaphors in Yesenin's poem at home on your own.
Metaphor in its meaning is close to comparison: one object or phenomenon is likened to another object or phenomenon. A metaphor can be said to be an incomplete, truncated comparison. The word used in a metaphorical sense acquires extraordinary expressiveness, imagery, clarity, emotionality. Therefore, the metaphor is widely used in works of fiction, especially in poetry.
Homework
Find metaphorical verbs in the poem.
Prepare an expressive recitation of the poem.
Run a drawing competition for a poem.
* Literature. Educational reader for the 6th grade of secondary school. Author-compiler V.P. Polukhina M .: Education, 1992.S. 317.