Phonetic transcription. The procedure for transcribing the text Vowel sounds in words of the Russian language

A special recording of speech, used to record in writing all the features of sound, begins to be studied already in high school. The first thing a student learns about transcription notation is square brackets. If the text is placed in [...], then this is definitely a phonetic transcription.

In addition, you need to know that the word itself comes from the Latin (transcription - rewriting), denoting a special letter that records spoken speech. Russian phonetic transcription, naturally, will be based on the Russian alphabet, from which the letters “ё”, “e”, “й”, “yu”, “шч”, “я” have been removed, the letters “ъ” and “ь” have been instructed to denote special vowels are unstressed, and when there were not enough Russian letters as a result of these actions, they called in the Latin “j” (iot) and the Greek “Y” (gamma).

Why is phonetic transcription needed?

1. It is necessary to hear native speech and know the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When studying foreign languages, where spelling almost always differs from pronunciation.

3. To record a language that does not have a written language, dialect speech, or hieroglyphs.

Living sound processes are rarely reflected in orthographic writing, but phonetic writing differs sharply from it. The strictest tradition reigns among letters. And the phonetic transcription of the text fully conveys the entire flow of speech with all the changes in the sound system of the language.

Letter and sound

The Russian writing system was built so perfectly that it took into account all the phonetic features of the Slavic language. In the ninth century, Constantine the philosopher, and in monasticism - Cyril, our Saint and Equal to the Apostles, compiled the Slavic alphabet, which was named in honor of the creator - Cyrillic.

The phonetic transcription of the Russian language is not as simple as that of the Bulgarian brothers, for example. This is because in our country a letter often conveys two sounds, or vice versa: one sound is obtained when reading two letters. The entries are sometimes so funny that with the development of the Internet, young people, being mischievous, came up with a way to communicate in chats in “Albany language”, where, for example, the word “hedgehog” consisted of four letters, among which there was not a single correct one. Guessing the word in these letters is not so easy, because “yosh” doesn’t fit in your head. It's almost a transcription. There are not enough square brackets, and also the knowledge that the letter “th” in transcription is most often designated “j”, and a soft sign cannot be present here, because there is nothing to soften. The correct phonetic transcription of the word is [yosh].

Soft consonants

In a letter, after consonants intended to become soft, you need to write not the letters “a”, “u”, “o”, “e”, but softening ones - “ya”, “yu”, “e”, “e”. In endings, a soft sign is added to the consonant (in the pre-revolutionary alphabet it was called “er”). Phonetic transcription requires an apostrophe to indicate the softness of the consonant sound. There is one exception - “th”, that is [j], it is quite good without an apostrophe. The rest are designated as follows: [m"].

Spelling rules, that is, spelling, quite often do not convey exactly the sound that is pronounced in a word. Transcription signs are required to record pronunciation as accurately as possible. For example, we write the word “side” and pronounce it: [bʌkav`oy].

Accents

Have you noticed that the letter “v” has some strange apostophe attached to it? And this is not an apostrophe at all, but an accent. Unstressed vowels are not indicated in writing. Try saying the word "pencil". Isn't it true that all vowels written the same way sound different? Unstressed vowels are shorter and slightly weaker than the same vowel under stress. Phonetic transcription must emphasize this difference: [karʌnd`ash].

There is also a reduction here: do you hear the almost complete disappearance of the first vowel? The sounds we pronounce briefly are most often indicated by the same signs as percussion, but without stress, but “swallowed” sounds, that is, those that have undergone fundamental changes in pronunciation, have special signs: the ancient “er” [b] and “er” [b] . They do not indicate any sounds, but during transcription, as in this case, they have a very important function.

Only special publications (dictionaries, textbooks for foreigners, literature for young children) leave an accent mark in words, but the transcription must mark it where the word has more than one syllable.

Stress in the Russian language is very flexible, it moves freely along the syllables of a word, and is not bound by constancy: gorod- goroda, okno- okna. It is so dynamically strong that a stressed syllable becomes much stronger than an unstressed one. This weakening is called reduction. There are its first and second degrees, depending on the position of the vowel: the first - on the first pre-stressed position, the second - on more than the first pre-stressed, as well as post-stressed position.

Long consonants

Some consonant sounds are only long and soft. These are “sh” - the sound [sh":] and “zh” - the sound [zh":]. If the spelling dictates two identical consonants - "cash", for example, then the phonetic transcription will differ significantly from this construction, since the pronunciation requires one, but long sound: [k`as:a].

However, the notations in textbooks vary. You can also find [kassa]. Sometimes they write one letter “s”, but underline it on top.

Phonetic word

What is a word? In writing and transcription they are not the same thing at all. In writing, we distinguish parts of speech into auxiliary or independent ones, and write everything separately. Prepositions, for example. Phonetic transcription of Russian words suggests a different attitude. This is a sequence of syllables in a single whole; a phonetic word has a single organizing center, a single stress.

This means that all prepositions, conjunctions, particles that are pronounced together with their main words are written in the same way. Of course, all changes that occur with the sounds that make up the word are also recorded. For example, “with him” - , “beyond the river” - [z'r"ik`oi], even more interesting: "asked b" - [sprʌs"`il'p].

The details with which phonetic transcription is recorded depend on the characteristics of sound, where both individual and situational (emotional, for example) speech productions are included. Here the phonetic transcription of the pronunciation as such dictates.

Now back to the basics

The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, the so-called graphemes, which we divide into vowels and consonants. The sound form of each grapheme is a phoneme, which has variants, that is, allophones.

Consonant sounds are divided into voiceless and voiced. It's pretty simple. A stream of air vibrates the vocal cords and thus causes a sound - a tone, which is then modified by natural barriers in the oral and nasal cavities, converting the tone into noise. Based on the nature of this noise, it is easy to divide consonants into voiced (in which the tone has not completely “died”) and voiceless, in which there is nothing left except noise.

It is necessary to divide them into soft and hard. There are thirty-three letters in the alphabet, and thirty-six phonemes of only consonants. Of these, fifteen are paired (hard-soft), three consonants are always hard (“sh”, “zh”, “ts”) and three are always soft (“ch”, “sch”, “y”).

When a stream of air exits, the vocal apparatus does not put any obstacles in the way of vowel sounds, leaving them with the purest tone. This means that we have six vowel phonemes: “a”, “u”, “e”, “i”, “o”, “s”. Allophones are also present here and depend on the stress in the word.

Rules for phonetic transcription for schoolchildren

1. Transcription is always placed in square brackets.

2. Capital letters and punctuation marks are not used. Pauses, most often coinciding with punctuation marks, are marked with a double line - a long, significant pause, or a single line - a short pause.

3. Words consisting of two or more syllables must be stressed.

4. Two words united by one stress are written together: to the garden - [fsat].

5. Soft consonants must have an apostrophe: sat - .

6. Among consonant letters, phonetic transcription never uses “шь” and “й”.

7. Long consonant sounds are indicated either by a superscript or a colon: bath - [van:a]. The letter "ш" is not used, but its phoneme is [sh"] or [sh":].

8. The sounds shch, th, ch are only soft, however, an apostrophe for “ch” and “th” is not required, although it sometimes occurs. “Zh”, “sh”, “ts” are always only hard. Exceptions for French words: parachute, jury, julienne, Jules (Verne) and so on, in which the letter "zh" is written [zh"].

Vowel sounds

Stressed vowels have six symbols: [i], [s], [u], [e], [o], [a]. For example, feast - [p'ir], ardor - [ardor], ray - [ray], forest - [l'es], house - [house], garden - [garden].

For the letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” one sound is not enough, so “e” is [ye], “e” is [yo], “ya” is [ya], “yu” is [yy]. If after the letter “and” the spelling dictates a soft sign, then the phonetic transcription will also write doubly: sparrows - [vurʌb`yi]. Just remember that the letter “th” is replaced by the Latin “j”.

Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages ​​are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that our language cannot be said to mean that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.

But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

1. when words appear at the beginning: food [y’eda], ruff [y’orsh], skirt [y’upka], pit [y’ama];
2. when they come after other vowels: moi [moi'em], moe [mai'o], wash [moi'ut], warrior [vai'aka];
3. when they come after “ъ” and “ь”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drinks [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “ь” and vowels: if after a soft sign in a word there is a letter “i”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:

1. [b] - [p]: [b]a[b]ushka – [p]a[p]a;
2. [v] - [f]: [v] water - [f] plywood;
3. [g] - [k]: [g]voice – [cow];
4. [d] - [t]: [d’] woodpecker - [t]ucha;
5. [f] - [w]: [f’]life – [sh]uba;
6. [z] - [s]: [z’]ima – o[s’]en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are represented by different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired unvoiced and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.

There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:

1. [b] - [b’]: [b]a[b]glass – [b’]tree;
2. [v] - [v’]: [v]ata – [v’]fork;
3. [g] - [g’]: [g]amak – [g’]idrant;
4. [d] - [d’]: [d]ozh[d’];
5. [z] - [z’]: [z] gold – [z’] yawn;
6. [k] - [k’]: [k]ust – [k’]bist;
7. [l] - [l’]: [l]swallow – [l’]istik;
8. [m] - [m’]: [m]a[m]a – [m’]iska;
9. [n] - [n’]: [n]os – [n’]yuh;
10. [p] - [p’]: [p]archa – [p’]i [p’]etka;
11. [r] - [r’]: [r]lynx – [r’]is;
12. [s] - [s’]: [s] dog – [s’] herring;
13. [t] - [t’]: [t]apok – [t’]shadow;
14. [f] - [f’]: [f] camera - [f’] fencing;
15. [x] - [x’]: [x] hockey – [x’] ek.

As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:

• [y’] – [y’]od;
• [l] – [l]ama;
• [l’] – [l’]eika;
• [m] – [m]carrot;
• [m’] – [m’] muesli;
• [n] – [n]osoceros;
• [n’]– [n’] bat;
• [r] – [r]daisy;
• [r’] – [r’] child.

To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.

And also unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:

• [x] – [x]orek;
• [x'] - [x']surgeon;
• [ts] – [ts]apple;
• [h’] – [h’] person;
• [sch’] – [sch’] bristles.

Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:

• [g] - [g]bug and even [g]acorn;
• [sh] - [sh]uba and [sh]ilo are read equally firmly;
• [ts] - [ts] scratch and [ts]irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.

Similarly, there are consonants in the Russian language that are never pronounced firmly:

• [th’] – [th’] ogurt;
• [h’] – [h’]chirp and [h’]asy – the sound is equally soft;
• [sch'] - [sch']cheek and [sch']fingers - similar: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].

Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.

Phonetic analysis plan

1. First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
2. Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), designate the stressed syllable.
3. The next point is the phonetic transcription of the word. You don’t have to transcribe the word right away - first try saying it out loud. If necessary, speak several times until you can say with certainty which sounds need to be recorded.
4. Describe all vowel sounds in order: identify stressed and unstressed sounds.
5. Describe all consonant sounds in order: identify paired and unpaired sounds by voicedness/dullness and hardness/softness.
6. Count and write down how many letters and sounds there are in the word.
7. Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription characters

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

• [ " ] – this is how the stressed vowel in the main stressed syllable is designated (O"sen);
• [`] - this is how a side (minor) sub-stressed vowel sound is designated: usually such a sub-stressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, found in compound words and words with the prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice- and others (`aboutE'many);
• [’] – a sign of softening a consonant sound;
• [Λ] – transcription sign for “o” and “a” in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (arka [Λrka], king [krol’]);
• – a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotated sounds; you can also use [th’].
• [and e] – something in between [i] and [e], used to denote the vowels “a”, “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a soft consonant (blend [bl'i e sleep]) ;
• [ы и] – something between [ы] and [е] or [ы] and [а], used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (whisper [shi e ptat '];
• [ъ] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “e” in positions after a hard consonant in a pre-stressed and post-stressed syllable (milk [m'lok]);
• [b] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “ya”, “e” in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
• [–] – a sign indicating the absence of sound in the place of “ъ” and “ь”;
• [ ‾ ]/[ : ] – transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - it will not be a mistake) to indicate the length of consonants (to be afraid [bΛй’ац:ъ]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcribing consonants:

• voicing of voiceless consonants in position before voiced ones (bending [zg’ibat’], mowing [kΛz’ba]);
• deafening of voiced consonants in the position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch’ek]);
• deafening of a voiced consonant in a position in front of a voiceless one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into voiceless sounds [k] and [x] (nails [nokt’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
• softening of the consonants “n”, “s”, “z”, “t”, “d” in the position before soft consonants (kantik [kan’t’ik]);
• softening of “s” and “z” in the prefixes s-, iz-, raz- in the position before “b” (remove [iz’y’at’]);
• unreadable consonants “t”, “d”, “v”, “l” in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination “stn” is pronounced as [sn], and “zdn” - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
• combinations of letters “sch”, “zch”, “zsch” are read as [sch’] (accounts [sch’oty]);
• combinations “chn”, “cht” are pronounced [sh] (what [shto], of course [kΛn’eshn]);
• infinitive suffixes -tsya/-tsya are transcribed [ts] (bite [kusats:b]);
• the endings of -ogo/-him are pronounced through the sound [v] (yours [tvy’evo]);
• in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas:b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give a regular consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

Now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words using examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

1. departure
2. ot-e"zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [aty'e "st]
4. o - [a] – vowel, unstressed
   t- [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   ъ – [–]
   e - [th’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
   z - [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   d - [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
5. 6 letters, 6 sounds
6. The letter “e” after the separating “b” gives two sounds: [th"] and [e]; the letter “d” at the end of the word is deafened to the sound [t]; the letter “z” is deafened to the sound [c] in the position before the voiceless sound.

One more example:

1. grammar
2. gram-ma"-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [gram:at"ika]
4. g – [g] – consonant, voiced (paired), hard (solid)
   p – [p] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   mm – [m:] – double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, stressed
   t – [t’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
   k – [k] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
5. 10 letters, 9 sounds
6. Double consonants “mm” give a double sound [m:]

And last:

1. became
2. sta-no-vi"-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
3. [stanav'i"l'is']
4. s – [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   t – [t] – consonant, deaf (paired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
   n – [n] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   o – [a] – vowel, unstressed
   in – [v’] – consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
   and – [and] – vowel, stressed
   l – [l’] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
   and – [and] – vowel, unstressed
   s – [s’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
   b – [–]
5. 11 letters, 10 sounds
6. The letter “o” in an unstressed position produces the sound [a]; the letter “b” does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic analysis of words you are asked at school.

blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.

♦ Rewrite the text, leaving spaces between words 2-3 times larger than usual, and a space between lines of one line.

♦ In the spaces between the lines intended for transcription, put a “text boundary” sign: [...].

♦ In poetic texts, at the boundary of a stanza that does not coincide with the boundary of a measure, a “short pause” sign is placed: ].

♦ In graphic notation, unstressed words are added to stressed words using the “connecting bracket” sign, for example: in ̮ sky, beyond ̮ sea, there ̮.

Place the sign j above the graphic entry, indicating the sound [j] with the special letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, (“i”).

Remember!This happens in three cases:

E, Yo, Yu, I at the absolute beginning of the word: spruce, hedgehog j°osh], south, poison;

E, Yo, Yu, I after vowels: fighter [bojets], mine [moj°o], build, lighthouse [mojak];

E, E, Yu, I, I after separators

b And Kommersant:

ate, rise [n αdj°om], blizzard [in j°угъ], pig [sv u in ja[, nightingales [slavji].

Roman numerals indicate the positions of unstressed syllables in relation to stressed syllables.

position - a) first pre-stressed syllable (water)",

b) absolute beginning of a word (orange)",

c) vowels not separated by consonants (poetess).

position - the remaining unstressed syllables.

I II II II I II

For example: defense capability.

Complete the transcription in accordance with the following table of signs to indicate vowel sounds.

Designation in transcription of vowel phonemes in different phonetic positions

	I position				II position
!under	abs.	after	after	after		after
"emphasis!	Start	solid	soft	solid		soft
	words
	A	A	Anduh	Kommersant
	A	A	Anduh
	suh	suh	Anduh

Sample phonetic transcription:

The east is burning with a new dawn.

[gar'yt vαst°dk zαr,0 oj°y new\\

Already on the plain through the hills

ear H ъ equal ’yn ’p ъ to the hills

The guns roar. The smoke is crimson

grkh^och^uut p°ushk’ts || dsh bαgr°ovy\

Rises in circles to the heavens

circles’i, fsh°od’ip to ̮ n’b6’isam\

Towards the morning rays,

nafstr’ech’°% u tr’yn ’im l°uch’am\\]

Tasks for independent work

Transcribe the text. Note all positional alternations of vowel and consonant phonemes.

Forward! Without fear and doubt

A valiant feat, friends!

Dawn of Holy Redemption

I saw it in the sky!

Be brave! Let's give each other hands

And together we will move forward,

And let under the banner of science

Our union is growing stronger and stronger(A.N. Pleshcheev).

Transcribe the words below. Indicate what phonetic processes (laws) in the vowel area are observed here.

Old man, jasmine, field, hut, operational, black, autumn, whole, wool, water, garlic, millstones, spruce, nickels.

How are the stressed vowels different in the given pairs of words? What phonetic pattern is observed here?

Glad - row, thunderstorm - threatening, shuta - jokingly, solo - villages, ox - led, garden - sit down, lot - fly, mat - mother, nose - carried, they say - chalk, knock - bale, cola - prick, bow-luk.

What phonetic laws (phenomena) are observed when pronouncing consonant sounds in these words?

Above the podium, to move in, to burn, with Shura, with a bow, casually, with a brother, to his wife, low, without a hat, in a box, out of annoyance, easier, to get rid of.

Transcribe the passage. Note the cases of deafening (reduction and assimilation due to deafness) of voiced consonants.

A friend hears right above him

Get up, well done: everything is quiet in the field;

You won't meet anyone else;

I brought you a horse;

Get up, listen to me."

The embarrassed knight involuntarily

Crawling left a dirty ditch;

Looking around timidly,

He sighed and said, coming to life:

Well, thank God, I’m healthy!”(A. Pushkin).

6. Transcribe these sentences. Note the cases of voicing (assimilation by voicing) of voiceless consonants.

A) Timosha’s compressed lips did not move, his knitted eyebrows did not move apart(I. Turgenev)

b) The wolf cubs, all three, were fast asleep, huddled together.

c) In the garden, the maids, on the ridges, were picking berries in the bushes

(And Pushkin).

G) I, seeing that he was still young and foolish, gave him under the command of Father Pimen (A. Pushkin).

d) It seems to me that all these are excuses just so that he can live here alone ( L. Tolstoy).

7. Transcribe the sentences. Underline all cases and changes from dental to anterior lingual. What is this positional change in consonants called?

A) A broad-chested river stretched majestically between them; its waters flow silently, solemnly and leisurely...

b) Ignat left for the stock exchange early in the morning, sometimes he didn’t show up until the evening; in the evening he went to the Duma, on a visit or somewhere else.

c) In the middle of the river, the waves of two ships collide, the sides crash them, and the ships rock.

d) His face was adamant and merciless(M. Gorky).

What phonetic law is observed when pronouncing consonants in words: racer, trailer, bridge, plow, pocket, cog?

What phonetic law is observed when pronouncing words agency, happy, holiday, daughter-in-law, Dutch, mountaineering, Scots?

What is the difference between the first consonants in words? sir - sir, mayor - measure, NEP - dumb, cab - cap?

Prove that in the following pairs traditional (historical) alternations of consonant sounds are observed. Specify root options.

River - river, meadows - meadow, laughter - make laugh, walk - walk - climb, fly - fly, snow - snowy, friend - be friends - friends, frost - ice cream, cold - cold storage plant - cooling, splash - splash, pie - pie, student - student, fisherman - to fish, boredom - to be bored, sock - sock, face - personal - face, father - father - paternal, sprinkle - pour, earth - earthly, row - rowing, corner - corner, oar - oars, shortness of breath - sigh - spirit, circle - circle, sign - painting, drown - drown, boredom - miss, forest - goblin, love - love.

What is the pun based on in K. Prutkov’s aphorism?

It's nice to caress a child or a dog, but the most important thing is to rinse your mouth.

Indicate the alternation of sounds in the root. Which ones are positional and which ones are historical? Specify root options.

Grass - grass, leg - leg, hand - manual, day - day, end - final, village - villages, saw - sawing, rinsing - rinsing.

Transcribe an excerpt from a poem Boris Ryzhy. Note all cases of positional alternations of sounds (vowels and consonants). Indicate historical and reading in the roots of words.

Summer is over - how quietly it rustled

goodbye leaves. That's why I stand in fear

in my bare square, on a snow-covered path,

knee-deep in love and longing. Wait a little bit

at least a little, please. I haven't had time to look around yet

and press your cheek. That's why I grab my heart,

that I haven’t seen your blue, yellow, and scarlet flowers -

I didn’t tear them off with a mosquito in battle, I didn’t hold them in my hands.

15. Transcribe the text, note all cases of sound [j]-

I will conquer you from all lands, from all heavens,

Because the forest is my cradle and the forest is my grave,

Because I stand on the ground with only one foot,

Because I will sing about you like no one else.

I will win you away from all the others - from that one,

You will not be anyone's groom, I will not be anyone's wife,

And in the last argument I will take you - shut up! -

The one with whom Jacob stood in the night (M. Tsvetaeva).

Transcribe the text. Mark the signs that convey fricative consonants. Describe their articulation.

Memory is wolves in the field,

They run away, taking one look, -

Like swimmers in a crazy crawl,

They look back! (A. Voznesensky).

Transcribe the text. Mark all transcription marks for frontal and backlingual consonants.

It was already the beginning of July when Prince Andrei, returning home, again drove into that birch grove in which this old gnarled oak struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady, and dense; and the young ones ate , scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating the general character, were gently green with fluffy young shoots (L.N. Tolstoy).

Distribute the words into groups depending on the phonetic processes occurring with consonant sounds (assimilation, reduction, diaeresis).

Drummer, threshing, do, cold, flattering, frost, stack, giant, fidelity, fairy tale, burns, agency, honesty, seam, mowing, pipeline, unknown, let, forward, Caucasian, peers, wasted, prince, reset, lead, rainy, sad.

Indicate the sound meaning of the letter “z” in the words:

Gold, milk mushrooms, greens, frost, no husband, no wife, no son-in-law, no brother-in-law, no sister, no salt.

Indicate the sound meaning of the letter “I” in the words:

Five, nickel, anchor, family, announcement, application, mine, quagmire, amber.

In each line, underline the words where:

a) deafening (reduction) of a consonant sound;

b) assimilation by deafness of a consonant sound:

onion,meadow, potatoes, cabbage, vegetable garden, sunflower, garden bed;

delicious, soup, book, cutlet, sauce, ketchup, mayonnaise;

forward, down, up, back, together, quickly;

Transcribe the proverbs. Note all positional alternations of vowel and consonant phonemes.

Learning to read and write is always useful.

You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

The sun paints the earth, and man - work.

Learning adorns you in times of happiness, and consoles you in times of misfortune.

Lesson 1: Basic Phonetic Transcription

The Russian alphabet has 33 letters (graphemes), which can be divided into consonants and vowels. Each grapheme has its own sound form, called phoneme, which may have other variants (allophones).

Consonants arise with the help of a stream of air, which, passing through the vocal cords, causes them to vibrate, which produces a pure sound (tone). This tone is further modified in the oral and nasal cavities, where obstructions are present and noise occurs. Consonants can be divided into voiced(in addition to noise, they also contain tone) and deaf(contain only noise). Next we divide the consonants into hard and soft. In the Russian language there are 15 paired hard and soft consonants, 3 consonants are always hard - these are “sh”, “zh” and “ts” and 3 consonants are always soft “ch”, “sch” and “y”. In total, we distinguish 36 consonant phonemes.

Vowels are also formed when a stream of air passes through the vocal cords, which produces a tone that is modified in the nasal and oral cavities, but in the absence of obstacles, so that a pure tone is preserved. There are 6 vowel phonemes in the Russian language: |a|, |e|, |i|, |ы|, |о|, |у| , which have their own variants - allophones, depending on the position of the vowel in relation to the stress in the word.

Russian emphasis free, mobile. It can be on any syllable in a word, it is not constant and can be on different syllables in one word, for example. window - window, city - city.

Russian stress is strong, dynamic, the understressed vowel is qualitatively and quantitatively much stronger than the unstressed one, which is pronounced much weaker. The weakening of unstressed vowels is called reduction and there are 2 degrees of reduction.

Russian vowels in relation to stress can be divided into:

3 – drums (strong, dynamic, long)

2 – first pre-shock (1st reduction stage)

1 – more than the first pre-stress and post-stress (2nd degree of reduction).

Table of pronunciation of Russian vowels and their recording in transcription

Vowels after consonants:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options	towards	word positions
		3	2	1
a	| a|	[ á]	[^], also at the beginning and end of a word	[ъ]
o	| o|	[ ó]	[^]	[ъ]
I	| "a|	[" á]	["and",["^] at the end of a word	["ь]
e	| "e|	["uh"]	["And]	["ь]
e	|"o|	[" ó]	–	–
uh	|uh|	[uh"]	[s]	[ъ]
at	|y|	[ý]	[y]	[y]
Yu	|"y|	["ý]	["y]	["y]
And	|"and|	["and"], [s]	["and", [s]	[" and], [s]
s	|s|	[s]	[s]	[s]

“I”, “e”, “e”, “yu”, “i” after vowels, at the beginning of a word or after a soft and hard sign:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options for	towards	word positions
		3	2	1
I	|j|+|a|		[ṷи], [ṷ^] at the end of a word	[ṷь]
e	|j|+|e|		[ṷи]	[ṷь]
e	|j|+|o|		–	–
Yu	|j|+|y|		[ṷу]	[ṷу]
And	|j|+|i|		[ṷи]	[ṷи]

Transcription of some consonants:

hard [t] – soft [t"]

• th = stressed [j], unstressed [ṷ]

• Tsya, -tsya = [ts:^]

Exercises

Exercise 1.1

Read and rewrite in transcription:

Mommy, grandma, milk, good, pine, cold, side, crocod And l, chocolate, magpie, laugh, city, young, dialect And t, saying, mash And on, house, contract, school, frying pan, open s weaving, stop, aroma, car And l.

Tree, knee, birch, girl, spring, business, timber truck, translation, telephone, television And zor, auditor, director, series, furniture, attic, suitcase, man, d I da, aunt, zar I dka, n I chick, knit, heavy, meat, frog, private, with And Nya.

Apple, amber, Japan, I on, Yaroslav, language s To, I ma, I year, phenomenon, January, I sleepy, Europe, Elena, Eva, Eg And pet, european, let's go, food, hedgehog, herringbone, spruce, Egor, eli, Yu bka, Yu zhny, Yula, YU rmala, Yu burden, Yu ny, southwest, Yugoslavia, jewelry And R.

Seven I, trees, mo I, green, Tat I na, comma, d I con, Dar I, Mar And I, summer, will pour, mine, with And her, bad weather, happiness, health, move out, move in, go, yours Yu, With And I do, I do, my Yu, Ra And sa, Zina And yes, mo And, its And, operations, laboratories.

Ride, exercise, swim, get dressed, study And wash, wash, agreement And he smiles, she is shy I it is, they are skating, he is learning And I was happy, she was happy, I was happy And gone.