An outstanding linguist, the first researcher of Russian orthoepy - the science of pronunciation, editor and compiler of the famous four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov was born on January 24 (January 12, old style) 1873 in Moscow.
In 1907-1930, Dmitry Ushakov taught at the Russian language department at the First Moscow State University, where he was successively a private assistant professor, a senior assistant, a full-time associate professor, and a professor. He was associated with Moscow University for 35 years - until the end of his life.
Ushakov also taught at the Higher Women's Pedagogical Courses (1907-1918); at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses - II Moscow State University (1909-1919); at the Higher Women's Courses established by V.A. Poltoratskaya (1910-1919); at the Higher Military Pedagogical School (1919-1922); at the Literary Institute named after. Bryusova (1924-1925); at the State Institute of Words (1920-1925); at the OGIZ Editorial and Publishing Institute (1932-1933).
From 1903 he was deputy chairman (and from 1915 - chairman) of the Moscow dialectological commission at the Academy of Sciences, editor of its issues for 1904-1931. He was one of the organizers and editors of the “Experience of a dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with the application of an outline of Russian dialectology” (1915).
Ushakov actively participated in the drafting of the spelling reform of 1917-1918. In the article “Russian orthoepy and its tasks” (1928), he described the norms of correct (Moscow) pronunciation.
In the 1930s he headed the Spelling Commission of the People's Commissariat of Education.
In 1934, Ushakov compiled the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language, which went through many editions.
In 1935-1940, four volumes of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language were published, edited and with the authorship of an outstanding linguist.
Dmitry Ushakov is the founder of Russian orthoepy. He was a permanent consultant on orthoepy issues for the All-Russian Theater Society and the Radio Committee, and led classes in speech culture circles at the Moscow House of Scientists and the State Academy of Artistic Sciences. He was also known as a brilliant lecturer.
He owns works on general linguistics, dialectology, history of the Russian language, spelling, grammar, lexicology, lexicography. Among Dmitry Ushakov's students are Roman Yakobson, Nikolai Yakovlev, Grigory Vinokur, Pyotr Kuznetsov, Ruben Avanesov and others.
Since 1939, Ushakov was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In October 1941, Ushakov and his family were evacuated to Tashkent. There he learned the Uzbek language and compiled a Russian-Uzbek phrasebook, continued to lead the editorial team of the Explanatory Dictionary, and developed a program for creating the Russian Language Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov is an outstanding lexicographer. He compiled explanatory and spelling dictionaries in several volumes.
Time of childhood and youth
The talented scientist was born on January 24, 1873 in Moscow. His father was a famous metropolitan ophthalmologist. He died when the child was two years old.
The child was raised in the house of the mother's father, the grandfather of the future linguist. Grandfather himself was a protopresbyter in the Assumption Cathedral of the capital's Kremlin. Dmitry received his primary education at home. In 1882, a nine-year-old boy entered the capital's gymnasium.
After six years of study in 1889, the future scientist moved to another educational institution. Two years later, the graduate became a student at the university’s Faculty of History and Philology. His teacher was Philip Philipovich Fortunatov, known as a specialist in the field of Russian linguistics.
It was under his guidance that the student wrote his master's essay on the topic of declensions in Homer. After receiving his education, the graduate began working at school as a teacher of Russian language and literature. He worked in this position for seventeen years.
In 1903, Dmitry Ushakov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, III degree. Seven years later he became a holder of the second degree of this award. In 1906 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, III degree. Since 1907, he combined work with teaching at Moscow State University.
His book “Russian Spelling”, published in 1911, provides convincing arguments in favor of the beginning of the transformation of Russian spelling. University activities took more than twenty-eight years. From private assistant professor, Dmitry Nikolaevich rose to professor.
Passionate work
Noticeable social changes in the country have significantly affected the native language. Its vocabulary has changed. Since 1918, the famous linguist began developing a spelling reform. Since the late thirties, Ushakov became the head of the Slavic department of the Institute of Writing and Languages of the Peoples of the USSR.
Throughout his teaching and scientific career, the scientist gave lectures at various educational institutions. Students of higher pedagogical courses, the military pedagogical school, and the Bryusov Literary Institute listened to their reading.
The outstanding linguist became the developer and compiler of the first Russian textbook on linguistics. It was reprinted nine times. Ushakov is known as the compiler of an explanatory dictionary. The book was published in the mid-thirties.
Since the twenties, talented scientists Ozhegov, Vinogradov, Tomashevsky have worked in the team of authors under the leadership of Dmitry Nikolaevich. In total, the publication contains more than ninety thousand descriptive articles. Ushakov’s contribution to both dialectology and orthography is great.
He actively promoted the reform of Russian spelling, and with the advent of the last century he published the collection “Russian Spelling”. The reform of the native language began in 1918 under the patronage of the Academy of Sciences, but back in 1915, a dialectological commission was created and headed by Dmitry Nikolaevich in this organization.
Its main goal was to create a map of dialects common in the European part of the country. The studies reflected the dialects of all the nationalities living there. In 1921, Ushakov became part of the commission engaged in preparing documentation for negotiations with Poland on the delimitation between states before the conclusion of the Polish-Soviet treaty.
To accomplish this task, it was planned to take into account data on the ethnic and linguistic background of the population of border areas.
Significant works
The scientist developed and implemented a multifaceted and significant system of litter in terms of style. The now common “colloquial”, “official” belong to his authorship. etc. Alexander Reformatsky, a colleague of the researcher, recalled that Dmitry Nikolaevich really valued live communication with people.
He interacted with students, teachers, doctors, actors. The famous linguist taught his colleagues not to isolate themselves from the everyday life around them, but to engage in educational activities.
At the beginning of 1936, Dmitry Nikolaevich received a doctorate in linguistic sciences. Three years later he became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
A recognized expert in correct pronunciation, Ushakov has advised the country's Radio Committee for many years. Even the most famous actors Vasily Kachalov and Evdokia Turchaninova turned to the famous scientist for advice.
Awards and family
Dmitry Nikolaevich became famous as an excellent expert in local dialects. According to the recollections of one of his students, who also became a famous researcher, from the dialect of a first-year student, he could accurately determine where he came from to the capital. In 1940, the outstanding scientist was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the outstanding figure was evacuated to Uzbekistan.
The personal life of the scientist also took place. His wife was Alexandra Misyura. Ushakov’s chosen one was the granddaughter of the famous publicist, editor of Moskovskiye Vedomosti Valentin Korsh. Three daughters grew into a family, Vera, Natalya and Nina. The youngest child was the son Vladimir. The famous scientist became a true example of love of the native language and hard work.
Even when he was evacuated, he did not stop working. Just a year before his death, the scientist began studying the Uzbek language. He managed to compile a compact and very convenient Russian-Uzbek phrasebook. On April 17, 1942, Dmitry Nikolaevich died in Tashkent.
“Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” work on which began in 1928, was published under the editorship of D. N. Ushakov in 1934-1940. (Volume 1 was radically edited and republished in 1935). Leading Russian linguists took part in the compilation of the dictionary. Ushakov’s dictionary is normative in nature and does not pretend to fully cover all layers of the vocabulary of the Russian language, however, the compilers of the dictionary fully took into account the semantics of each included word and carefully recorded obsolete and newly emerging meanings. In terms of the correctness of definitions, the Ushakov dictionary remains to this day the best explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, an indispensable reference when working with texts of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries.
“Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” pursues strictly normative lexicographical, stylistic, spelling and orthoepic tasks: to indicate the correct usage of words, the correct formation of word forms, the correct pronunciation of words and individual forms.
The dictionary includes vocabulary from fiction (from Pushkin to Gorky), common scientific, industrial and socio-political vocabulary. From obsolete words, characteristic historical social and everyday names, known from works of art and popular science works, have been introduced into the dictionary. From the regional vocabulary, the dictionary includes words that are found in many dialects and have taken their place in fiction. Independent dictionary entries include prefixes, word-formatively active parts of compound words, and the most common parts of compound words. Abbreviations and highly specialized terms are not included in the dictionary.
1. Objectives and scope. The published Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language does not set itself the goal of embracing all the richness of the Russian language in all its historical and territorial scope. The tasks and scope of the dictionary are limited.
He gives an explanation of the meanings of words in the modern Russian literary language, and the literary language is understood not as the actual language of fiction, but in general as the bookish and colloquial speech of educated people.
In accordance with the intended purpose of the dictionary, it, as a rule, does not include some categories of words. Thus, with some exceptions (see §§ 13 and 15), local or regional words, words that have fallen out of use, as well as most obscene words are not included. Also not included are words that are either the fruit of the authors’ invention in poetic language, such as Yesenin’s “pigeon”, Ig’s “calculate”. Severyanin, “overnight” by A. Bely (modeled on it was getting dark) etc., or the fruit of hasty writing with the inability to express one’s thoughts using generally accepted words and their combinations, such as “ratproof buildings”, “anti-stack sentiments”, “snow fighting”, “metal products” (examples from newspapers). The French dictionary “Little Larus” does the same with such words.
In addition, the intended volume of the dictionary forces us to limit the number of words of certain categories, determining the choice by the degree of use of a particular word in the general language.
Thus, narrowly specialized terms of sciences, arts, and technology are not given. An exception is made for terms from different industries: they are represented in the dictionary somewhat more widely than others due to their widespread penetration into the Soviet press due to interest in our construction.
Proper names (people, geographical, etc.), as well as names of city residents (Kostromich, Kuryanin, Tveritian, etc.) are excluded.
Finally, many such derived words have been released that are easily formed and easily understood: some categories of derived nouns (for more details, see § 46), adjectives (§ 56), verbs (§ 95), adverbs (§ 111), degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs (§ 128).
Mikhail Lvov: Explanatory dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language
It is impossible to imagine the bookshelves of houses where there are schoolchildren, applicants, philologists or simply those who like to solve crossword puzzles, on which there would not be an “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakov. This popular manual has taken its rightful place in the list of dictionary publications, without which the Russian-language reform could not have taken place, in which this author and famous Soviet scientists became an active participant. The electronic version of the dictionary contains explanations of words that are used in modern life. Rare words that are practically not used in modern speech are also interpreted. D. N. Ushakov’s online explanatory dictionary repeats all the designated words and concepts that the authors used in the paper edition. Due to the fact that the dictionary has provided great assistance in bringing it to the norms of the Russian language, it enjoys quite wide popularity and has gained high praise from scientific criticism.
This dictionary was published in the nineteenth century. Leading Russian linguists were involved in its compilation. Taking into account the semantics of each word, they prescribed its meanings, both obsolete and newly emerging. The objectives of this manual are to recommend the correct use of the word and its word forms in ordinary speech, as well as its correct pronunciation. The creators developed rational principles of lexical selection.
Explanatory dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakova includes all types of vocabulary. The electronic version does not exactly replicate the printed edition. The contents do not consist of four volumes, but are presented in the form of an alphabetical list of articles. This dictionary can be of invaluable benefit to philologists, translators and anyone who has an interest in the Russian language and lexicography. The dictionary can be of great help to schoolchildren and applicants, and it can also become a reference book for everyone who is interested in crossword puzzles.
The explanatory dictionary, edited by D. N. Ushakov, is a very valuable book for a schoolchild, as it is of great importance in becoming familiar with various variants of words. Collocations and expressions widely cover the vocabulary of the Russian language. The manual helps schoolchildren master the basic norms of Russian speech, as well as the appropriateness of a particular word in relation to all kinds of speech situations.
This dictionary is designed for a large circle of readers and is the implementation of the task set by the great leader, which was to create a dictionary based on the new scripture. Its electronic version is the best version of the dictionary of Russian words and expressions of the present time. The search system allows you to quickly find the necessary word, its spelling techniques and the most important rules of pronunciation, helping to develop people's literary speech.
I was able to glean a lot of interesting information on the website about Ushakov’s explanatory dictionary; my students and I looked at the dictionary together and came to the conclusion that using it in work will help develop beautiful speech, its spelling techniques are relevant today. It is worth studying more carefully in the online dictionary to use it in your works, improve the quality of competent writing and presentation of thoughts. Svetlana
I recently learned about Ushakov’s online explanatory dictionary from my colleagues. After reading the information, I realized that it was very convenient for me to use it for work. Ushakov's dictionary is valuable for Russian grammar and the information collected in it is still relevant. An erudite person is sure to be familiar with this dictionary. I can confidently recommend this dictionary on the site for connoisseurs of the Russian language. Vitaly
Dmitry Ushakov's Dictionary is a very significant edition of explanatory dictionaries for Russian-speaking users. It is often used by students, philologists and people associated with the Russian language with professional responsibilities. On the World Wide Web there is Ushakov’s explanatory dictionary in the online version. It is convenient to use if you have a connection to the Internet, and you can also download off-line versions to your electronic gadget. As with all explanatory dictionaries, this dictionary explains in great detail the meanings of many words in the Russian language. DictionaryOnline
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-1940, 4 volumes of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” were published, which contains more than 90,000 dictionary entries and is designed for a wide range of readers.
History of creation
Work on the creation of the four-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” was carried out under the leadership of D. N. Ushakov from 1934 to 1940. Such prominent scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, S.I. Ozhegov, B.V. Tomashevsky took part in its compilation. The new dictionary filled a significant gap in describing the development of the Russian language in the turbulent first third of the 20th century. By the time he began work on the dictionary, D. N. Ushakov was known for his work on linguistics, including dialectology, spelling, spelling, lexicography and the history of the Russian language.
Meaning
“Based on the rich traditions of Russian lexicography, the compilers of the dictionary developed rational principles for the selection of vocabulary, methods for defining words, and introduced an extensive system of stylistic notes that made it possible to correctly determine the appropriateness of using a particular word in various speech situations,” states Doctor of Philology K. S. Gorbachevich.
Editions
- Vinokur G. O., prof. Larin B. A., Ozhegov S. I., Tomashevsky B. V., prof. Ushakov D. N. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D. N. Ushakova. - M.: ; OGIZ (vol. 1); State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries (vol. 2-4), 1935-1940. - 45,000 copies.(The 2nd edition of the dictionary was published in 1948.) The dictionary contains 85,289 words.
- prof. Ushakov D. N. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1937. - 162 p.
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Notes
An excerpt characterizing Ushakov’s Dictionary
He opened his eyes and looked up. The black canopy of night hung an arshin above the light of the coals. In this light, particles of falling snow flew. Tushin did not return, the doctor did not come. He was alone, only some soldier was now sitting naked on the other side of the fire and warming his thin yellow body.“Nobody needs me! - thought Rostov. - There is no one to help or feel sorry for. And I was once at home, strong, cheerful, loved.” “He sighed and involuntarily groaned with a sigh.
- Oh, what hurts? - asked the soldier, shaking his shirt over the fire, and, without waiting for an answer, he grunted and added: - You never know how many people have been spoiled in a day - passion!
Rostov did not listen to the soldier. He looked at the snowflakes fluttering over the fire and remembered the Russian winter with a warm, bright house, a fluffy fur coat, fast sleighs, a healthy body and with all the love and care of his family. “And why did I come here!” he thought.
The next day, the French did not resume the attack, and the rest of Bagration’s detachment joined Kutuzov’s army.
Prince Vasily did not think about his plans. He even less thought of doing evil to people in order to gain benefit. He was only a secular man who had succeeded in the world and made a habit out of this success. He constantly, depending on the circumstances, depending on his rapprochement with people, drew up various plans and considerations, of which he himself was not well aware, but which constituted the entire interest of his life. Not one or two such plans and considerations were in his mind, but dozens, of which some were just beginning to appear to him, others were achieved, and others were destroyed. He did not say to himself, for example: “This man is now in power, I must gain his trust and friendship and through him arrange for the issuance of a one-time allowance,” or he did not say to himself: “Pierre is rich, I must lure him to marry his daughter and borrow the 40 thousand I need”; but a man in strength met him, and at that very moment instinct told him that this man could be useful, and Prince Vasily became close to him and at the first opportunity, without preparation, by instinct, flattered, became familiar, talked about what what was needed.
Pierre was under his arm in Moscow, and Prince Vasily arranged for him to be appointed a chamber cadet, which was then equivalent to the rank of state councilor, and insisted that the young man go with him to St. Petersburg and stay in his house. As if absent-mindedly and at the same time with an undoubted confidence that this should be so, Prince Vasily did everything that was necessary in order to marry Pierre to his daughter. If Prince Vasily had thought about his plans ahead, he could not have had such naturalness in his manners and such simplicity and familiarity in his relations with all the people placed above and below himself. Something constantly attracted him to people stronger or richer than himself, and he was gifted with the rare art of catching exactly the moment when it was necessary and possible to take advantage of people.
Pierre, having unexpectedly become a rich man and Count Bezukhy, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt so surrounded and busy that he could only be left alone with himself in bed. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he had no clear idea of, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow and receive many people who previously did not want to know about his existence, but now would offended and upset if he didn’t want to see them. All these various persons - businessmen, relatives, acquaintances - were all equally well disposed towards the young heir; all of them, obviously and undoubtedly, were convinced of the high merits of Pierre. He constantly heard the words: “With your extraordinary kindness,” or “with your wonderful heart,” or “you yourself are so pure, Count...” or “if only he were as smart as you,” etc., so he He sincerely began to believe in his extraordinary kindness and his extraordinary mind, especially since it always seemed to him, deep down in his soul, that he was really very kind and very smart. Even people who had previously been angry and obviously hostile became tender and loving towards him. Such an angry eldest of the princesses, with a long waist, with hair smoothed like a doll’s, came to Pierre’s room after the funeral. Lowering her eyes and constantly flushing, she told him that she was very sorry for the misunderstandings that had happened between them and that now she felt she had no right to ask for anything, except permission, after the blow that had befallen her, to stay for a few weeks in the house that she loved so much and where made so many sacrifices. She couldn't help but cry at these words. Touched that this statue-like princess could change so much, Pierre took her hand and asked for an apology, without knowing why. From that day on, the princess began to knit a striped scarf for Pierre and completely changed towards him.