Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born July 7(19), 1893 in the village Baghdadi (now the village of Mayakovski) near Kutaisi, Georgia. Father - forester, Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky ( 1857-1906
), mother - Alexandra Alekseevna, nee Pavlenko ( 1867-1954
).
In 1902-1906. Mayakovsky studies at the Kutaisi gymnasium. In 1905 participates in demonstrations and a school strike. In July 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moves to Moscow. Mayakovsky enters the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Meets Bolshevik students; is interested in Marxist literature; entrusts the first party assignments. In 1908 joins the Bolshevik Party. Was arrested three times - in 1908 and twice in 1909; the last arrest in connection with the escape of political prisoners from Novinskaya prison. Imprisonment in Butyrka prison. A notebook of poems written in prison ( 1909 ), selected by the guards and not yet found, Mayakovsky considered the beginning of literary work. Released from prison due to being a minor ( 1910 ), he decides to devote himself to art and continue his studies. In 1911 Mayakovsky was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Autumn 1911 he meets D. Burliuk, the organizer of a group of Russian futurists, and becomes close to him in a common sense of dissatisfaction with the academic routine. At the end December 1912- Mayakovsky’s poetic debut: the poems “Night” and “Morning” in the almanac “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” (where Mayakovsky signed the collective manifesto of the Cubo-Futurists of the same name).
Mayakovsky goes on the attack on the aesthetics and poetics of symbolism and acmeism, but in his quest he critically masters the artistic world of such masters as A. Bely, “breaks out” from the “fascinating lines” of A. Blok, whose work for Mayakovsky is “an entire poetic era” .
Mayakovsky entered the circle of Cube-Futurists with a rapidly growing tragic-protesting theme in him, essentially going back to the humanistic tradition of Russian classics, contrary to the nihilistic declarations of the Futurists. From urban sketches to catastrophic insights the poet’s thoughts about the madness of the possessive world grow (“From street to street,” 1912 ; “Hell of the City”, “Here!”, 1913 ). "I!" - the title of Mayakovsky's first book ( 1913 ) - was synonymous with the poet’s pain and indignation. For participation in public performances Mayakovsky in 1914 was expelled from the School.
The First World War was met by Mayakovsky controversially. The poet cannot help but feel disgust for war (“War has been declared”, “Mother and the evening killed by the Germans”, 1914 ), but for some time he was characterized by the illusion of the renewal of humanity, art through war. Soon Mayakovsky comes to the realization of war as an element of senseless destruction.
In 1914 Mayakovsky met M. Gorky for the first time. In 1915-1919 lives in Petrograd. In 1915 Mayakovsky meets L.Yu. and O.M. Bricks. Many of Mayakovsky’s works are dedicated to Lilia Brik. With renewed vigor he writes about love, which, the more enormous it is, the more incompatible with the horror of wars, violence and petty feelings (the poem “Spine Flute”, 1915 and etc.).
Gorky invites Mayakovsky to collaborate in the “Chronicle” magazine and the “New Life” newspaper; helps the poet in the publication of the second collection of his poems, “Simple as Mooing,” published by the Parus publishing house ( 1916 ). The dream of a harmonious person in a world without wars and oppression found a unique expression in Mayakovsky’s poem “War and Peace” (written in 1915-1916 ; separate edition - 1917 ). The writer creates a gigantic anti-war panorama; in his imagination a utopian extravaganza of universal happiness unfolds.
In 1915-1917 Mayakovsky is serving his military service at the Petrograd driving school. Takes part in the February Revolution 1917 of the year. In August he leaves Novaya Zhizn.
The October Revolution opened up new horizons for V. Mayakovsky. She became the second birth of the poet. For the first anniversary of the October Revolution, it was staged at the Musical Drama Theater, conceived back in August 1917 the play “Mystery-bouffe” (production by V. Meyerhold, with whom Mayakovsky until the end of his life was associated with the creative search for a theater in tune with the revolution).
Mayakovsky associates his innovative ideas with “leftist art”; he strives to unite the futurists in the name of democratization of art (speeches in the “Futurist Newspaper”, “Order for the Army of Art”, 1918 ; is a member of the group of futurist communists (“comfuts”) who published the newspaper “Art of the Commune”).
In March 1919 Mayakovsky moves to Moscow, where his collaboration with ROSTA began in October. Mayakovsky’s inherent need for mass propaganda activity found satisfaction in the artistic and poetic work on the “Windows of GROWTH” posters.
In 1922-1924. Mayakovsky makes his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.). His series of essays about Paris is “Paris. (Notes of Ludogus)”, “Seven-day review of French painting”, etc. ( 1922-1923 ), which captured Mayakovsky’s artistic sympathies (in particular, he notes the world significance of P. Picasso), and poetry (“How does a democratic republic work?”, 1922 ; "Germany", 1922-1923 ; "Paris. (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)", 1923 ) were Mayakovsky’s approach to a foreign theme.
The transition to peaceful life is interpreted by Mayakovsky as an internally significant event that makes one think about the spiritual values of the future person (the unfinished utopia “The Fifth International”, 1922 ). The poem “About This” becomes a poetic catharsis ( December 1922 – February 1923) with its theme of purification of the lyrical hero, who, through the phantasmagoria of philistinism, carries the indestructible ideal of the human and breaks through into the future. The poem was first published in the first issue of the magazine "LEF" ( 1923-1925 ), the editor-in-chief of which is Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF ( 1922-1928 ) and decided to rally “leftist forces” around the magazine (articles “What is Lef fighting for?”, “Who is Lef biting into?”, “Who is Lef warning?”, 1923 ).
In November 1924 Mayakovsky goes to Paris (later he visited Paris 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1929). He visited Latvia, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, America, Poland. By discovering new countries, he enriched his own poetic “continent”. In the lyrical cycle "Paris" ( 1924-1925 ) Lef's irony of Mayakovsky is defeated by the beauty of Paris. The contrast of beauty with emptiness, humiliation, and ruthless exploitation is the naked nerve of poems about Paris (“Beauties,” “Parisian Woman,” 1929 , and etc.). The image of Paris bears a reflection of Mayakovsky’s “community-love” (“Letter to Comrade Kostrov from Paris about the essence of love”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”, 1928 ). The central theme of Mayakovsky’s foreign theme is the American cycle of poems and essays ( 1925-1926 ), written during and shortly after a trip to America (Mexico, Cuba, USA, 2nd half 1925 ).
In verse 1926-1927. and later ones (up to the poem “At the top of my voice”), Mayakovsky’s position in art was revealed at a new stage. Ridiculing Rapp's vulgarizers with their claim to a literary monopoly, Mayakovsky convinces proletarian writers to unite in poetic work in the name of the future (“Message to Proletarian Poets,” 1926; previously article “Lef and MAPP”, 1923 ). News of S. Yesenin's suicide ( December 27, 1925) sharpens thoughts about the fate and calling of true poetry, evokes grief over the death of a “ringing” talent, anger against rotten decadence and invigorating dogmatism (“To Sergei Yesenin,” 1926 ).
Late 1920s Mayakovsky again turns to drama. His plays "The Bedbug" ( 1928 , 1st post. – 1929 ) and "Bath" ( 1929 , 1st post. – 1930 ) written for the Meyerhold Theater. They combine a satirical depiction of reality 1920s with the development of Mayakovsky’s favorite motif - resurrection and travel to the future. Meyerhold very highly appreciated the satirical talent of Mayakovsky the playwright, comparing him in the power of irony with Moliere. However, critics received the plays, especially “Bath,” extremely unkindly. And, if in “The Bedbug” people, as a rule, saw artistic shortcomings and artificiality, then in “Bath” they made claims of an ideological nature - they talked about exaggerating the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, etc. Harsh articles against Mayakovsky appeared in newspapers, even under the heading “Down with Mayakovism!” In February 1930 Having left the Ref (Revolutionary Front [of the Arts], a group formed from the remnants of Lef), Mayakovsky joined RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), where he was immediately attacked for his “fellow travelerism.” In March 1930 Mayakovsky organized a retrospective exhibition “20 Years of Work”, which presented all areas of his activity. (The 20-year sentence was apparently counted from the writing of the first poems in prison.) The exhibition was ignored by both the party leadership and former colleagues in Lef/Ref. One of many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition “20 years of work”; the failure of the performance of the play “Bath” at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other members of RAPP; the danger of losing your voice, which would make public speaking impossible; failures in personal life (the love boat crashed into everyday life - “Unfinished”, 1930 ), or their confluence, became the reason that April 14, 1930 of the year Mayakovsky committed suicide. In many works (“Spine Flute”, “Man”, “About This”) Mayakovsky touches on the topic of suicide of the lyrical hero or his double; After his death, these themes were appropriately reinterpreted by readers. Soon after Mayakovsky's death, with the active participation of RAPP members, his work was under an unspoken ban, his works were practically not published. The situation has changed in 1936, when Stalin, in a resolution to L. Brik’s letter asking for assistance in preserving the memory of Mayakovsky, publishing the poet’s works, organizing his museum, called Mayakovsky “the best talented poet of our Soviet era.” Mayakovsky was practically the only representative of the artistic avant-garde of the early 20th century, whose works remained accessible to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.
Born on July 19, 1893 in the village of Baghdadi (now Mayakovski), Kutaisi province, Georgia in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third-class forester in the Erivan province, since 1889 in the Baghdad forestry. The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867-1954), from a family of Kuban Cossacks, was born in Kuban. He also had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949) and a brother, Konstantin, who died at the age of three from scarlet fever. Mayakovsky's family tree includes the writer Grigory Danilevsky, who in turn had common family roots with the families of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol.
He loved poetry, drew well, and loved long trips. The events of the first Russian revolution (1905) left a noticeable mark on the biography of the future poet.
The future poet was engaged in revolutionary activities, worked as a propagandist among workers, and was arrested three times. In 1910, Mayakovsky was released from Butyrka prison, where he spent 11 months. Mayakovsky's release from prison was in the full sense a release into art. In 1911 he entered the Moscow School of Painting. The social and artistic situation in Russia in the 1910s confronted Mayakovsky with a choice - old life and old art or new life and new art. Mayakovsky chose futurism as the creativity of the future in all spheres of life. “I want to make socialist art,” - this is how the poet defined the goal of his life already in 1910.
He consciously strives to be a “stranger” in a world alien to him. For this, Mayakovsky uses the characteristic quality of the grotesque - a combination of plausibility and fantasy.
In 1913, the poet worked on his first major work, a kind of dramatic version of the early lyrics - the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky". Boris Pasternak wrote: “The tragedy was called “Vladimir Mayakovsky.” The title hid the ingeniously simple discovery that the poet-Page 1 of 3..”
On April 14, 1930, at 10:15 am, Mayakovsky committed suicide with a pistol shot in the heart.
He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery (1st plot, 14th row).
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Vladimir Mayakovsky is a famous Russian Soviet poet, playwright, director and actor. Considered one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.
During his short life, Mayakovsky managed to leave behind a large literary heritage, distinguished by a clearly defined style. He was the first to write poetry using the famous “ladder”, which became his “calling card”.
Biography of Mayakovsky
His father, Vladimir Konstantinovich, worked as a forester, and his mother, Alexandra Alekseevna, was a hereditary Cossack woman.
In addition to Vladimir, 2 girls (Lyudmila and Olga) were born in the Mayakovsky family, as well as two boys who died in early childhood.
Childhood and youth
Mayakovsky said about himself: “I was born in 1894 in the Caucasus. The father was a Cossack, the mother was Ukrainian. The first language is Georgian. So to speak, between three cultures.”
16-year-old Mayakovsky after his arrest for revolutionary activities When Mayakovsky was 9 years old, his parents sent him to study at the gymnasium.
There the young man became interested in Marxism, participated in revolutionary demonstrations and read propaganda pamphlets.
This is what gave rise to a passion for ideas that criticized the tsarist power. However, at that time it was a popular movement among students.
In 1906, his father passed away. The cause of death was infection after he pricked his finger with a needle.
Vladimir was so shocked by the sudden death of his father that throughout his entire biography he was terrified of various pins and needles.
Soon the Mayakovsky family will move to.
There, Vladimir continues his studies at the gymnasium, but soon he has to leave it because his mother did not have the funds to pay for the education.
Mayakovsky and revolution
After moving to Moscow, Mayakovsky made many revolutionary friends. This led to his joining the RSDLP workers' party in 1908.
The young man sincerely believed in the correctness of his views and did everything possible to promote revolutionary ideas to other people. In this regard, Mayakovsky was arrested several times, but each time he managed to avoid imprisonment.
Later, he was nevertheless sent to Butyrka prison, since he did not stop his campaigning activities, openly criticizing the tsarist government.
An interesting fact is that it was in “Butyrka” that Vladimir Mayakovsky began to write the first poems in his biography.
Less than a year later he was released, after which he immediately left the party.
Mayakovsky's creativity
On the advice of one of his friends, in 1911, Vladimir Mayakovsky entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture - the only place where he was accepted without a certificate of trustworthiness.
It was then that the most important event took place in Mayakovsky’s biography: he became acquainted with futurism - a new direction in art, from which he immediately became delighted.
In the future, futurism will become the basis of all Mayakovsky’s work.
Special features of Mayakovsky Soon several poems come out from his pen, which the poet reads among his friends.
Later, Mayakovsky, together with a group of cubo-futurists, goes on tour around the city, where he gives lectures and his works. When he heard Mayakovsky's poems, he praised Vladimir, and even called him the only true poet among the futurists.
Feeling confident in his abilities, Mayakovsky continued to engage in writing.
Works by Mayakovsky
In 1913, Mayakovsky published his first collection “I”. An interesting fact is that there were only 4 poems in it. In his works he openly criticized the bourgeoisie.
However, in parallel with this, sensual and tender poems periodically appeared from his pen.
On the eve of the First World War (1914-1918), the poet decides to try himself as a playwright. Soon he will present the first tragic play in his biography, “Vladimir Mayakovsky,” which will be staged on the theater stage.
As soon as the war began, Mayakovsky volunteered for the army, but was not accepted into its ranks for political reasons. Apparently the authorities were afraid that the poet might become the initiator of some kind of unrest.
As a result, the offended Mayakovsky wrote the poem “To You,” in which he criticized the tsarist army and its leadership. Later, 2 magnificent works “Cloud in Pants” and “War Declared” came from his pen.
At the height of the war, Vladimir Mayakovsky met the Brik family. After that, he met with Lilya and Osip very often.
It is interesting that it was Osip who helped the young poet publish some of his poems. Then 2 collections were published: “Simple as a Moo” and “Revolution. Poetochronika".
When the October Revolution was brewing in 1917, Mayakovsky met it at the headquarters in Smolny. He was delighted with the events that took place and helped the Bolsheviks, whose leader he was, in every possible way.
During the biography of 1917‑1918. he composed many poems dedicated to revolutionary events.
After the end of the war, Vladimir Mayakovsky became interested in cinema. He created 3 films in which he acted as a director, screenwriter and actor.
In parallel with this, he painted propaganda posters, and also worked in the publication “Art of the Commune”. Then he became editor of the magazine “Left Front” (“LEF”).
In addition, Mayakovsky continued to write new works, many of which he read on stages in front of the public. It is interesting that during the reading of the poem “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” at the Bolshoi Theater, he himself was present in the hall.
According to the poet’s recollections, the years of the civil war turned out to be the happiest and most memorable of his entire biography.
Having become a popular writer in, Vladimir Mayakovsky visited several countries, including.
At the end of the 20s, the writer wrote satirical plays “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse”, which were to be staged at the Meyerhold Theater. These works received many negative reviews from critics. Some newspapers even carried headlines “Down with Mayakovism!”
In 1930, his colleagues accused the poet of allegedly not being a real “proletarian writer.” However, despite the continuous criticism against him, Mayakovsky nevertheless organized the exhibition “20 Years of Work”, in which he decided to sum up his creative biography.
As a result, not a single poet from LEF came to the exhibition, nor, indeed, a single representative of the Soviet government. For Mayakovsky this was a real blow.
Mayakovsky and Yesenin
In Russia, there was an irreconcilable creative struggle between Mayakovsky.
Unlike Mayakovsky, he belonged to a different literary movement - imagism, whose representatives were the sworn “enemies” of the futurists.
Vladimir Mayakovsky and Sergei Yesenin Mayakovsky extolled the ideas of revolution and the city, while Yesenin paid attention to the countryside and the common people.
It is worth noting that although Mayakovsky had a negative attitude towards his opponent’s work, he recognized his talent.
Personal life
The only and true love of Mayakovsky’s life was Lilya Brik, whom he first saw in 1915.
Once upon a visit to the Brik family, the poet read the poem “A Cloud in Pants”, after which he announced that he was dedicating it to Lila. The poet later called this day “the most joyful date.”
Soon they began dating in secret from her husband Osip Brik. However, it was impossible to hide my feelings.
Vladimir Mayakovsky dedicated many poems to his beloved, among which was his famous poem “Lilichka!” When Osip Brik realized that an affair had begun between the poet and his wife, he decided not to interfere with them.
Then there was a very unusual period in Mayakovsky’s biography.
The fact is that since the summer of 1918, the poet and Briki lived together, the three of them. It should be noted that this fit well into the concept of marriage and love that was popular after the revolution.
They were developed a little later.
Vladimir Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik Mayakovsky provided the Brik spouses with financial support, and also regularly gave Lila expensive gifts.
Once he gave her a Renault car, which he brought from. And although the poet was crazy about Lily Brik, there were many mistresses in his biography.
He was in a close relationship with Liliya Lavinskaya, from whom he had a boy, Gleb-Nikita. Then he had an affair with Russian emigrant Ellie Jones, who gave birth to his girl Helen-Patricia.
After that, his biography included Sofya Shamardina and Natalya Bryukhanenko.
Shortly before his death, Vladimir Mayakovsky met with emigrant Tatyana Yakovleva, with whom he even planned to connect his life.
He wanted to live with her in Moscow, but Tatyana was against it. In turn, the poet could not go to her because of problems with obtaining a visa.
The next girl in Mayakovsky’s biography was Veronica Polonskaya, who was married at that time. Vladimir tried to persuade her to leave her husband and start living with him, but Veronica did not dare to take such a step.
As a result, quarrels and misunderstandings began to occur between them. It is interesting that Polonskaya was the last person to see Mayakovsky alive.
When the poet begged her to stay with him during their last meeting, she decided to go to a rehearsal at the theater instead. But as soon as the girl walked out the threshold, she heard a shot.
She did not have the courage to come to Mayakovsky’s funeral, because she understood that the writer’s relatives considered her to be the culprit in the poet’s death.
Death of Mayakovsky
In 1930, Vladimir Mayakovsky was often ill and had problems with his voice. At this period of his biography, he was left completely alone, since the Brik family went abroad. In addition, he continued to hear constant criticism from his colleagues.
As a result of these circumstances, on April 14, 1930, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky fired a fatal shot into his chest. He was only 36 years old.
A couple of days before his suicide, he wrote a suicide note, which contained the following lines: “Don’t blame anyone for the fact that I’m dying, and please don’t gossip, the deceased didn’t like it terribly...”
In the same note, Mayakovsky calls Lilya Brik, Veronica Polonskaya, mother and sisters members of his family and asks to transfer all the poems and archives to the Briks.
Mayakovsky's body after suicide After Mayakovsky’s death, for three days, amid an endless stream of people, a farewell to the body of the proletarian genius took place in the House of Writers.
Tens of thousands of admirers of his talent escorted the poet to the Donskoye Cemetery in an iron coffin while the Internationale was sung. The body was then cremated.
The urn with Mayakovsky's ashes was moved from the Donskoye Cemetery on May 22, 1952 and buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
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Russian poet. In pre-revolutionary works, the confession of a poet, forced to the point of screaming, perceives reality as an apocalypse (tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", 1913, poems "Cloud in Pants", 1915, "Spine Flute", 1916, "War and Peace", 1917). After 1917, the creation of the myth of the socialist world order (the play "Mystery-Bouffe", 1918, the poems "150,000,000", 1921, "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin", 1924, "Good!", 1927) and the tragically growing sense of its depravity (from verse "The Sat", 1922, before the play "Bath", 1929). In the poem "At the top of my voice" (1930), there is an affirmation of the sincerity of his path and the hope of being understood in the "communist distance." A reformer of poetic language, he had a great influence on the poetry of the 20th century. Committed suicide.
Biography
Vladimir Vladimirovich (1893-1930), poet.
Born on July 7 (19 NS) in the village of Baghdadi, near Kutaisi, in the family of a forester, a man of progressive views, humane and generous. He studied at the Kutaisi gymnasium (1902 06). It was then that I read revolutionary poems and proclamations for the first time. “Poems and revolution somehow came together in my head,” the poet later wrote.
In the turbulent year of 1905, a twelve-year-old high school student took part in demonstrations and a high school strike.
In 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moved to Moscow, where Mayakovsky continued his education. However, he soon took up serious revolutionary work and was arrested three times (in 1909 he was imprisoned in Butyrka prison). Released from prison due to his minority in 1910, he decided to devote himself to art, entered the studio of the artist P. Kelin to prepare for exams at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he began studying in 1911. Here he met D. Burdyuk, the organizer of a group of Russians futurists. In 1912 he began publishing his poems, becoming a professional poet. Published in futuristic almanacs. For participation in public speeches he was expelled from the school in 1914.
In the same year, he travels with a group of futurists to seventeen cities of RUSSIA, promoting new art among the masses. However, in his work Mayakovsky was already independent and original in these years. In 1915 he created his best pre-revolutionary poem, “A Cloud in Pants,” about the belief in the inevitability of an imminent revolution, which he expected as a solution to the country’s most important problems and the determination of personal destiny. The poet even tries to predict the timing of her arrival (“In the crown of thorns of revolutions // The sixteenth year is coming”).
The poems of 1916, which formed a special cycle, sound gloomy and hopeless ("Fed up", "Sale", "Gloom", "Russia", etc.).
Gorky invited Mayakovsky to collaborate in the journal Letopis and the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, and helped in the publication of the second collection of poems, Simple as Mooing. During these years, Mayakovsky created the poems “War and Peace” and “Man,” which seem to present an anti-war panorama.
He called the October Revolution “My Revolution” and was one of the first cultural and artistic figures who responded to the call of the Soviet government to cooperate with it; participated in the first meetings and gatherings of cultural representatives. At this time he published “Our March”, “Ode to the Revolution”, “Left March”. The play "Mystery-bouffe" was written and staged. During 1919 he worked on the poem "150,000 LLC".
In October 1919 he produced the first posters in "Windows of ROSTA", which marked the beginning of his work as an artist and poet (until 1921).
In 1922 1924 he made his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.), the impressions of which he described in essays and poems.
In 1925, he went on his longest trip overseas: he visited Havana, Mexico City, and for three months performed in various cities in the United States, reading poetry and reports. Later, poems were written (the collection “Spain. Ocean. Havana. Mexico. America.”) and the essay “My Discovery of America.”
Travels around his native country were of great importance in the poet’s life. In 1927 alone, he performed in 40 cities besides Moscow and Leningrad. In 1927 the poem “Good!” appeared.
Drama plays an important place in his work. He created the satirical plays “The Bedbug” (1928) and “Bathhouse” (1929). In February, Mayakovsky joined RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), for which many of his literary comrades broke ties with him. On the same days, the exhibition “20 Years of Mayakovsky’s Work” opened, which was not successful due to the deliberate isolation of the poet. His personal life also remained difficult and unsettled. Mayakovsky's health and mood in the spring of 1930 deteriorated sharply.