The oldest archaeological finds indicating the processing of grain in Africa are dated to the thirteenth millennium BC. e. Cattle breeding in Sahara began approx. 7500 BC er, and organized agriculture in the Nile area appeared in 6 millennia BC. e.
In Sahara, a group of fishermen hunters, the archaeological finds are inhabited, and the archaeological finds. A variety of petroglyphs and rock paintings dated from 6000 BC were found throughout the Sahara. e. until the VII century n. e. The most famous monument of primitive art Northern Africa is Tassilin-Agere.
Ancient Africa
In the 6-5th millenniums BC e. In the valley of the Nile, agricultural cultures are developing (Tsyiyan culture, fire, Merimda), based on the civilization of Christian Ethiopia (XII-XVI century). These foci of civilization were surrounded by the cattle breeding tribes of Libyans, as well as the ancestors of modern coschito- and nitilo-speaking peoples.
On the territory of the modern desert of the Sahara (formerly suitable for the habitat of the savanna) to the 4th millennium BC. e. A cattle breeding and agriculture. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. e. When the sugar drying begins, the population of Sahara retreats to the south, pushing the local population of tropical Africa. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC e. A horse spreads in sugar. Based on horse breeding (from the first centuries, e. - also camels) and oasis agriculture in Sugar there is a city civilization (the city of Telga, Debis, Garam), there is a Libyan letter. On the Mediterranean coast of Africa in the XII-II centuries BC. e. The Phoenician-Carthage Civilization flourished.
In Africa, south of the Sahara in the 1st millennium BC. e. Metallurgy of iron is extended everywhere. There was no culture of the Bronze Age, and there was a direct transition from Neolithic to the Iron Age. The culture of the Iron Century is distributed both in the West (NOC) and in the East (Northeast Zambia and South-West Tanzania) Tropical Africa. The spread of iron contributed to the development of new territories, first of all - tropical forests, and became one of the reasons for the resettlement for the most part of the tropical and South Africa peoples who spell on the bands who pushed back to the north and south of representatives of Ethiopian and capoid races.
The emergence of the first states in Africa
According to modern historical science, the first state (south of the Sahara) appeared on the territory of Mali in the 3rd century - it was the state of Ghana. The ancient Ghana traded gold and metals, even with the Roman Empire and Byzantium. Perhaps this state arose significantly earlier, but during the existence of the colonial authorities of England and France, all information about Ghana was missing (the colonizers did not want to recognize that Ghana is significantly ancient of England and France). Under the influence of Ghana in West Africa, later other states - Mali, Songai, Kanem, Tarur, House, Ifra, Kano and other countries of West Africa appeared.
Another focus of the emergence of states in Africa is the surroundings of Lake Victoria (the territory of modern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi). The first state there appeared about the 11th century - it was the state of Kitara. In my opinion, the state of the Kitara was created by migrants from the territory of modern Sudan - the Nilotian tribes, which the Arab settlers were supplanted from their territory. Later there appeared other states - Buganda, Rwanda, Analysis.
At about the same time (according to scientific history) - in the 11th century, in the south of Africa there was a state of mine, which will disappear at the end of the 17th century (will be destroyed by wild tribes). I believe that the beginning of the beginning existence is much earlier, and the inhabitants of this state are the descendants of the most ancient metallurgists of the world that have connections still with asuras and Atlants.
Around the middle of the 12th century, the first state appeared in the center of Africa - NDonggo (this is the territory in the north of modern Angola). Later in the center of Africa, other countries appeared - Congo, Matamba, Mwat and Babba. In the process of the development of statehood in Africa, from the 15th century, the colonial states of Europe began to interfere - Portugal, Nitchdanda, Belgium, England, France and Germany. If first they were interested in gold, silver and precious stones, then later the main goods were slaves (and these countries were engaged, which officially rejected the existence of slavery).
Slaves thousands were exported to America's plantations. Only much later at the end of the 19th century, the colonizers began to involve natural minerals in Africa. And it is for this reason that extensive colonial territories appeared in Africa. Colonies in Africa interrupted the development of the peoples of Africa, distorted its entire history. So far, significant archaeological research in Africa is not held (African countries themselves are poor, and England and France, the true history of Africa is not needed, as in Russia, in Russia, too, good research on the ancient history of Russia is not carried out, the money goes to buy locks and Yachts in Europe, total corruption deprives the science of real research).
Africa in the Middle Ages
The foci of civilizations of tropical Africa spread in the direction from north to south (in the eastern part of the continent) and partly from the east to the West (especially in the western part) - as the North Africa and the Middle East removed from the high civilizations. Most of the major sociocultural communities of tropical Africa had an incomplete set of signs of civilization, therefore, more precisely, they can be called protocylizations. From the end of the III century n. e. In West Africa, West Republic (Ghana), from the VIII-IX century - Central Sewage (Kanem) of civilization, which emerged on the basis of transbshak trade with the Mediterranean countries are developing in Senegal basins.
After the Arab conquests of North Africa (VII), Arabs were for a long time became the only mediators between the tropical Africa and the rest of the world, including through the Indian Ocean, where the Arab Fleet dominated. Under Arabic influence there are new urban civilizations in Nubia, Ethiopia and East Africa. The cultures of the Western and Central Sudan merged into a single West African, or Sudanese, the zone of civilizations, stretching from Senegal to the modern Republic of Sudan. In the 2nd Millennium, this zone was combined politically and economically in Muslim empires: Mali (XIII-XV century), which was subordinate to the small political entities of the peoples of Fulbe, Volof, Server, Sun and Songai (Trakur, Jolof, Sin, Salum, Kaoror, Coco et al.), Songai (mid XV - end of the XVI century) and Born (end XV - beginning of the 18th century) - Kanem successor. Between Songai and Born since the beginning of the XVI century, the Husian city-states (Daura, Zapadar, Kano, Rano, Gobier, Katsin, Zaria, Biram, Cabbi, and others), in the XVII century, were increasing, to which the role of the main centers of Transhakar Trade.
Sudanese civilizations in the 1st millennium N. e. The protocivization of the IFE, which became the cradle of the civilization of Yoruba and Bini (Benin, Oo). Its influence was experienced by Dagomeys, igboo, nupu, and others. To the west of her in the 2nd millennium, the Akano-Ashanti Protocylization was formed, whose flourishing came to the XVII - the beginning of the XIX century. Siga, a political center, founded by MOSI, and others, a political center, founded by MOSI, and other people who spell in the Languages \u200b\u200bof the GUR (t. N. Moshi Dagombi-Mamprusi complex) and turned to the middle of the 15th century to the Wolish Protocyurization (Early Polytic Education of Ouagadougou, Yateng, Gourmet , Dagomb, Mompsy). In the central Cameroon, the protocilization of the Bamuum and Bamilek arose, in the Kong River Basin - Kong, Ngol, Loango, NGOO, COGO), south of Savannov (early Polatical Education of Cuba, Lunda, Luba), in the region of the Great Lakes - interstice protocivilization: Buganda's early polytics (XIII), Kitara (XIII-XV century), Bunoro (from the XVI century), later - nkore (XVI century), Rwanda (XVI century), Burundi ( XVI century), Karagwe (XVII century), Kiziba (XVII century), Busoga (XVII century), Ucerev (end of the XIX century), Toro (end of the XIX century), etc.
In East Africa, the Suakhili Muslim civilization (Cyll city city, Pat, Mombasa, Lama, Malindi, Sofala, and others, Sultanat Zanzibar) flourished from the 15th century, Sultanat Zanzibar (Zimbabwe, Monomota) Protocylization (X-XIX A century), in Madagascar, the process of the State Education was completed at the beginning of the XIX century to the union of all the early political formations of the island around Warry, which arose about the XV century.
Most African civilizations and protocivilizations experienced a rise in the late XV-XVI centuries. From the end of the XVI century, with the penetration of Europeans and the development of transatlantic slave trade, which lasted until the middle of the XIX century, their decline occurs. All North Africa (except Morocco) by the beginning of the XVII century entered the Ottoman Empire. With the final section of Africa between European powers (1880s), a colonial period was occurring, forcibly introduced Africans to industrial civilization.
Colonization of Africa
In the ancient era, the object of colonization from Europe and the Malaya Asia was North Africa.
The first attempts of Europeans subjugate African territories are dating even time of ancient Greek colonization of 7-5 BC BC, when numerous Greek colonies appeared on the coast of Libya and Egypt. The conquest of Alexander Macedonian marked the beginning of a fairly long period of Hellenization of Egypt. Although the bulk of its inhabitants, Copts, and was not even illuminated, the rulers of this country (including the last queen Cleopatra) perceived the Greek language and the culture that fully dominated Alexandria.
The city of Carthage was founded on the territory of modern Tunisia by the Phoenicians and was one of the most important powers of the Mediterranean to the IV century BC. e. After the third Punic war, he was conquered by the Romans and became the center of Africa's province. In the early Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Vandals was founded on this territory, and later it was part of Byzantium.
The invasions of the Roman troops allowed the consolidation under the control of the Romans all the north coast of Africa. Despite the extensive economic and architectural activities of the Romans, the territories were subjected to weak novelism apparently due to excessive aridness and the incessant activity of Berber tribes, pushed, but unoccupied by the Romans.
Ancient Egyptian civilization also dropped under the government first the Greeks, and then the Romans. In the conditions of the decline of the Empire, the vandals of Berbers finally destroy the foci of European, as well as the Christian civilization in North Africa on the eve of the invasion of Arabs, brought with them Islam and who pushed the Byzantine Empire, still controlled Egypt. By the beginning of the VII century n. e. The activities of early European states in Africa are completely terminated, on the contrary, the expansion of Arabs from Africa takes place in many regions of southern Europe.
Attacks of the Spanish and Portuguese troops in the XV-XVI centuries. They led to the seizure of a number of supporting points in Africa (Canary Islands, as well as the fortresses of Seut, Melilla, Oran, Tunisia, and many others). Italian navigators from Venice and Genoa also lead active trading with the region since the XIII century.
At the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese actually controlled the Western Coast of Africa and launched an active workshop. After them, other Western European powers are rushed to Africa: the Dutch, French, the British.
Since the XVII century, Arab trading with Africa south of Sahara led to the gradual colonization of East Africa, in the area of \u200b\u200bZanzibar. And although the Arab neighborhoods appeared in some cities of West Africa, they did not become the colonies, and the attempt to Morocco subordinate to themselves of the Sahel was failed.
Early European expeditions were concentrated on the colonization of uninhabited islands, such as Cape Verde and Sao Tome, as well as on the basis of forts on the coast as trading databases.
In the second half of the XIX century, especially after the Berlin Conference 1885, the process of colonization of Africa acquired such a scale that he received the name "Racing for Africa"; Almost the entire continent (except for the remaining independent Ethiopia and Liberia) by 1900 was divided between a number of European powers: Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, their old colonies were kept and somewhat expanded Spain and Portugal. During World War II, Germany lost (mainly in 1914), their African colonies, which, after the war, passed under the administration of other colonial powers on the mandates of the League of Nations.
The Russian empire never claimed the colonization of Africa, despite the traditionally strong positions in Ethiopia, except for the incident in Sagallo, which occurred in 1889.
According to the latest research, humanity has existed three or four million years, and most of this time it developed very slowly. But in the ten-thousand period of the 12-3rd millennium, this development accelerated. Starting from the 13-12th millennium in the advanced countries of that time - in the Nile Valley, on the highlands of Kurdistan and, maybe Sahara - people regularly reaping the "harvested fields" of wild cereals, whose grains were triturated in flour on stone grains. In 9-5 millennia in Africa and Europe, onions and arrows are widely applied, as well as Silk and West. In the 6th millennium, the role of fisheries in the life of the Nile Valley tribes, Sahara, Ethiopia, Kenya is intensified.
Approximately in the 8-6th millenniums in the Middle East, where from the 10th millennium a "neolithic revolution" was performed, the developed organization of the tribes was already dominated, then the tribes were distinguished into the union - a model of primitive states. Gradually, with the spread of the "neolithic revolution" to new territories, as a result of the resettlement of the Neolithic tribes or the transition of mesolitic tribes, the organization of tribes and tribal unions (tribal) has spread to most of the Okumen.
In Africa, the territory of a tribal building, apparently, before the entire region of the northern part of the mainland, including Egypt and Nubia. According to the openings of the last decades, already in the 13-7th millenniums in Egypt and Nubia, the tribes held along with hunting and fisheries intensive seasonal gathers, resembling the harvest of the farmers (see and). In the 10-7th millennium, this method of maintaining the economy was more progressive than a primitive farm for the stray hunters-collectors in the deep areas of Africa, but still backward as compared with the production of some Front Asia tribes, where at that time a rapid flowering of agriculture took place at that time, Crafts and monumental construction in the form of large fortified settlements, in many ways similar to early cities. with frozen cultures. An ancient monument of monumental construction was built at the end of the 10th millennium, the Temple of Jericho (Palestine) is a small construction from wood and clay on a stone foundation. In the 8th millennium, Jericho became a fortress city with 3 thousand inhabitants surrounded by a stone wall with powerful towers and deep moat. Another fortress city existed since the end of the 8th millennium at the location of the late Ugarite - the seaport in the north-west of Syria. Both of these cities traded with agricultural settlements of South Anatolia, such as Azykla-GUUK and Early Hasilar,. Where the houses were built from unreleased bricks on a stone foundation. At the beginning of the 7th Millennium, in South Anatolia, there is an original and relatively high civilization of Chatal-Guyuk, who flourished until the first centuries of the 6th millennium. The carriers of this civilization opened melting of copper and lead, knew how to make copper guns and decorations. At that time, settlements of settlement farmers apply to Jordan, Northern Greece and Kurdistan. At the end of the 7th - early 6th millennium, residents of Northern Greece (the settlement of Na-Nicomediya) have already grown barley, wheat and peas, made houses, dishes and figurines of clay and stone. In the 6th millennium, agriculture applies to the north-west to Herzegovina and the Danube Valley and southeast to South Iran.
The chief cultural center of this ancient world moved from South Anatolia to Northern Mesopotamia, where the Khassun culture flourished. Simultaneously on extensive spaces from the Persian Gulf to the Danube, a few more original cultures were formed, the most developed of which (few inferior Hassunskaya) were in Malaya Asia and Syria. B. Brenties, a well-known scientist from the GDR, gives the following characteristic of this era: "The 6th millennium was in the anterior Asia a period of constant struggle and civil engineering. In areas that went ahead in their development, initially unified society broke down, and the territory of the first agricultural communities is incredulously Expanded ... For anterior Asia of the 6th millennium, the presence of many crops that coexisted, supposed one different or merged, were distributed or gibbles. " At the end of the 6th and early 5th millennium, the original cultures of Iran are blooming, but Mesopotamia is increasingly becoming the leading cultural center, where the kingid civilization is developing, the predecessor of Sumero-Akkadskaya. The beginning of the guardian period is considered century between 4,400 and 4,300.
The influence of Hassuban and Muhamda cultures, as well as Hadji-Mohammed (existed in Southern Mesopotamia about 5,000) extended far to the north, northeast and south. Hassun products are found during the excavations near the Adler on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, and the influence of the kingdom and Hadzhi-Muhammed cultures reached the southern Turkmenistan.
Approximately simultaneously with the overseas (or front-Asian-Balkan) in the 9-7th Millenniums, another agricultural center was formed, and later the metallurgy and civilization -Indokaysky, in the south-east of Asia. In the 6th -5 Millenniums on the plains of Indochina, drawback develops.
Egypt of the 6-5th millennium also appears before us as the region of the settlement of agricultural and cattle breeding tribes, creating original and relatively highly developed neolithic cultures on the outskirts of the oldest Middle East world. Of these, the most developed was Badari, and the most archaic appearance had early Fayum cultures and Merimda (respectively, on the Western and Northwest outskirts of Egypt).
Payumtsy cultivated small areas of the earth on the lakes flooded during periods of the lakes, growing the shear, barley and flax here. The harvest was kept in special pits (165 such pits openly). Perhaps they were also known cattle breeding. In the village of Fayums, the bones of bull, pigs and sheep or goats were found, but they were not in a timely manner, and then disappeared from the museum. Therefore, it remained unknown, belongs to these bones with domestic or wild animals. In addition, the bones of the elephant, hippopotamus, large antelope, gazelles, crocodile and small animals, which made up a hunting prey were found. In the Merida Lake Fayums caught fish, probably baskets; Large fish mined harpuny. Hunting on waterfowl birds played a big role with a bow and arrows. Payumtsy were skillful brawer baskets and mats, which resist their dwellings and pits for grain. Linen fabrics and straight tribes are preserved, which indicates the appearance of weaving. Pottery was also known, but Fayum ceramics (pots, bowls, bowls on diverse forms) was still quite coarse and not always well denied, and in the late stage of the Fayum culture, she generally disappeared. The stone tools of Fayums consisted of Top Topores, shell-chisels, microlytic liners (inserted into a wooden frame) and arrows. Shell-bit was the same form as in the then Central and West Africa (Culture of the Level), the form of neolithic fay arrows is characteristic of the ancient sugar, but not for the Nile Valley. If, at the same time, to take into account the Asian origin of cultural cereals, cultivated by Payumts, it is possible to make a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe genetic relationship of the Neolithic culture of Fayum with the cultures of the surrounding world. Additional strokes in this picture are made by Fayum decorations, namely Bus from shells and amazonite. The shells were delivered from the shores of the Red and Mediterranean seas, and the amazonite, apparently, from the Aege-Zumma deposit in the north of Tibesti (Libyan sugar.). This indicates the scale of the inter-barded exchange in those distant times, in the middle or second half of the 5th millennium (the main stage of the Fayum culture is dated by radiocarbon 4440 ± 180 and 4145 ± 250).
Perhaps the contemporaries and northern neighbors of Fayums were the early inhabitants of the extensive neolithic settlement Merimda, which, judging by the earliest of the radiocarbon dates, appeared about 4200. The inhabitants of Merimda inhabited the village, similar to the African village of our time somewhere in the Oz. Chad, where groups of global and deceased clay cane houses of oval form were quarters, united in two "Streets". Obviously, in each of the quarters there was a largest community, on every "street" - phratry, or "half", and in the entire settlement - a generic or neighboring community. Her members were engaged in agriculture, sowed barley, shell and wheat and taped with wooden sickles with flint liners. The grain was kept in the deceased clay of wicker granaries. There were many livestock in the village: cows, sheep, pigs. In addition, its inhabitants were engaged in hunting. Ceramics Merimda is much inferior to Baardari: rude black pots prevail, although there are more subtle, glove vessels of rather diverse forms. The relationship of this culture with the cultures of Libya and lying on the west of the Sahara and Maghriba regions is underestimated.
Badari culture (named so named Badari district in Middle Egypt, where necropolis and settlements of this culture were opened for the first time) was disseminated significantly wider and reached a higher development than Fayum's Neolithic cultures and Merimda.
Until recent years, her actual age was not known. Only in recent years, thanks to the use of a thermolumine dating method for the dating of clay shards mined during the excavations of the settlements of Baardary culture, it became possible to dating her mid-6th - middle of the 5th millennium. However, some scientists challenge this dating, pointing to the novelty and the controversy of the thermolumine method. However, if the new dating is correct and Payumtsy and residents of Merimda were not predecessors, and the younger contemporaries of Badarians, they can be considered by representatives of the two tribes who lived on the periphery of the ancient Egypt, less rich and developed than Badarians.
In Upper Egypt, a southern variety of Baardari culture is open - Tavyskaya. Apparently, Badari traditions persisted in various parts of Egypt and in the 4th millennium.
Residents of the Badari settlement of Hamamia and the settlements near him, the settlements of the same culture of MostAghedad and Matmar were engaged in honey farming, growing the shell and barley, bred a large and finely horned cattle, caught fish and hunted on the banks of the Nile. These were skillful artisans who made a variety of labor tools, household items, decorations, amulets. Materials for them served stone, shells, bone, including ivory, wood, leather, clay. On one Badary dish, a horizontal weaving machine is depicted. Especially good Baardarian ceramics, surprisingly thin, gluing, manufactured manually, but very diverse in shape and ornament, mainly geometric, as well as steatite beads with excellent glassy glaze. Badaries manufactured and genuine works of art (unknown by Payumts and residents of Merimda); They cut out small amulets, as well as animal figures on spoons handles. Hunting tools served with flint tips, wooden boomerangs, fisheries-hooks from shells, as well as from ivory. Badaries were already familiar with copper metallurgy, from which knives, pins, rings were made, beads. They lived in durable houses from raw bricks, but without doorways; Probably their inhabitants, as some residents of the village of Central Sudan, climbed into their homes through a special "window".
On the religion of Badarians, it is possible to limit necropolis to the east of settlements on the customs and put into the graves of the corpses not only people, but also animals wrapped in the mat. The dead man was accompanied by household objects, decorations; In one burial, several hundred static beads were found and the copper beads are particularly valuable at that time. The dead man was just a rich! This speaks about the start of social inequality.
By the 4th millennium, in addition to Badari and Tisses, the Amratian, Georgian and other cultures of Egypt, who were among the advanced ones also apply. The then Egyptians cultivated barley, wheat, buckwheat, flax, diluted pets: cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs and, perhaps, cats. Flint tools, knives and ceramics of the Egyptians of the 4th - the first half of the 3rd millennia were distinguished by a remarkable diversity and thoroughness of the finish.
The then Egyptians skillfully treated native copper. They built rectangular houses and even fortresses from an unreleased brick.
How the level of the culture of Egypt in a protodinal time has been reached, the findings of highly artistic works of neolithic craft are said: the thinnest, painted black and red paint fabric from Galelina, flint daggers with grinders of gold and ivory, the tomb of the leader from the hierakonepool, which is from the inside raw brick and Covered with multicolored frescoes and other images on the fabric and the walls of the tombs give two social types: nobles for which work and workers are performed (rowing, etc.). At that time, in Egypt, they probably existed primitive and small in the state of the state - future nomes.
In the 4th - early 3rd millennium, Egypt's connections with early civilizations of anterior Asia are strengthened. Some scientists explain this by the invasion of Asian conquerors in the valley of the Nile, others (which is more believable) - "an increase in the number of wandering traders from Asia who visited Egypt" (so writes the famous English archaeologist E.J. Arkell). A number of facts also testifies to the relationships of the then Egypt with the population gradually dried off the Sahara and the Verkhovy Nile in Sudan. At that time, some cultures of Central Asia, Transcaucasia, the Caucasus and Southeast Europe occupied approximately the same place in the near periphery of the ancient civilized world, ATO and the culture of Egypt of the 6-4th Millennium. In Central Asia, in the 6th - 5th millennium, the agricultural Cultural Culture of Southern Turkmenistan flourished, in the 4th millennium - Geok-surfactant culture in the valley of the river. Teden, further east in the 6-4th millenniums BC. e. - Gissar culture of South Tajikistan, etc. In Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, in the 5-4th millennium, a number of agricultural and cattle crops were distributed, the most interesting of which was Kuro-Arak and recently discovered the culture of Shama-Tepe culture. In Dagestan, in the 4th millennium, the neolithic culture of ginchi cattle breeding-agricultural type existed.
In the 6-4th millenniums there is the formation of agricultural and cattle farm in Europe. By the end of the 4th millennium, there were various and complex cultures of a clearly identifying appearance on the territory of all of Europe. At the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennium, trypole culture flourished in Ukraine, for which wheat growing, cattle breeding, excellent painted ceramics, color painting of grinding housing walls were characterized. In the 4th millennium in Ukraine, there were the most ancient settlements of the settlement of horse breeding (dejustive, etc.). By the 4th millennium there is a very elegant image of a horse on a cauldron from Karapene in Turkmenistan.
Sensational discoveries of recent years in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Moldova and in the south of Ukraine, as well as generalizing studies of the Soviet Archeology E.N. Chernya and other scientists revealed the ancient center of high culture in the south-east of Europe. In the 4th millennium in the Balkano-Carpathian subregion of Europe, in the river system of the Nizhny Danube, the brilliant, advanced culture ("almost civilization") was blooming, for which agriculture, copper and gold metallurgy were characterized, and a variety of painted ceramics (including The number of painted gold), primitive writing. Undoubtedly the influence of this ancient center "Pre-payment" on the neighboring societies of Moldavia and Ukraine. Did he also have a connection with the societies of Egeida, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt? This question is only put, there is still no answer to it.
In Maghreb and Sahara, the transition to the producing forms of farming took place slower than in Egypt, its beginning refers to the 7th-5th millennium. At that time (up to the end of the 3rd millennium), the climate in this part of Africa was warm and wet. Herbaceous steppes and subtropical mountain forests covered the desert spaces, which presented the endless pastures. The main pet was a cow, whose bones were found in Fetzan's parking in the east of Sahara and Tadrart-Akacus in central Sahara.
In Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in 7-3 millennia there were neolithic cultures that continued the traditions of more ancient Ibero-Moorish and Capsian Paleolithic cultures. The first of them, also called the Mediterranean Neolithic, held mainly coastal mountain forests Morocco and Algeria, the second-steppe of Algeria and Tunisia. In the forest belt of the settlement were richer and occurring than in the steppe. In particular, the coastal tribes manufactured a beautiful clay dishes. Some local distinctions within the Mediterranean Neolithic Culture are noticeable, as well as its connection with the capsus culture of steppes.
Characteristic features of the latter - bone and stone tools for drilling and puncturing, grinded stone axes, a pretty primitive clay dishes with a conical bottom, which is also not often. In some way in the steppes of Algeria, ceramics was generally absent, but the tips of arrows were the most common stone weapons. Neolithic capsies, like their Paleolithic ancestors, lived in caves and grottoes and were mainly hunting and collecting.
The flourishing of this culture refers to the 4th - the beginning of the 3rd millennium. So, its parking lots are dated by radiocarbon: de Mamel, or "nipples" (Algeria), - 3600 ± 225, Des-Eph, or "Eggs" (Oasis Uarglag in the north of Algerian Sahara), - also 3600 ± 225 g ., Hassi-Genfida (Uarglang) - 3480 ± 150 and 2830 ± 90, Jaacha (Tunisia) -3050 ± 150 g. At that time, the shepherds had already prevailed among the capsies of the shepherds.
In Sahara, the "Neolithic Revolution" may be somewhat late compared with Magreb. Here, in the 7th millennium, the so-called Sugar-Sudanese "Neolithic culture", which is associated for its origin with the Capsian. It existed until the 2nd millennium. Her characteristic feature is ancient in Africa ceramics.
In Sahara, he was not distinguished from more northern areas of the abundance of arrows of arrows, which indicates a relatively greater hunting. Clay dishes of the inhabitants of the Neolithic Sahara of the 4th-2nd millennia are smaller and primitive than the modern inhabitants of Maghreb and Egypt. In the east of the Sahara. The connection with Egypt is noticeable, in the West - with Magreb. Eastern Sugar neolithic is characterized by an abundance of grinding axes - evidence of highland fire agriculture on local highlands, covered by forests. In the dried later rivers of rivers, residents were engaged in fishing and floated on cane boats like those that at the time and later were distributed in the valley of the Nile and his tributaries, on Oz. Chad and lakes of Ethiopia. Fish beat bone harpunov resembling those that are open in the valleys of the Nile and Niger. The grains and petes of Eastern Sahara were even larger. And made carefully than in Maghreb. In the river valleys of this area, millet was sowed, but the fixed assets of the existence gave cattle breeding in combination with hunting and probably collecting. The huge herds of cattle grazed on the expanses of the Sahara, contributing to the conversion of her to the desert. These flocks are depicted on the famous rock-frescoes of Tassili-H "Adger and other Nagrai. The cows are donated with me, therefore, they were delivered. Roughly processed stone poles-steles may noted the seating sites of these shepherds in the 4th - 2 Millenniums distant The herd from the valleys on the mountain pastures and back. According to his anthropological type, they were neurodes.
Wonderful monuments of culture of these farmers-cattle breeders are the famous frescoes of Tassili and other areas of the Sahara, whose flourishing falls on the 4th millennium. The frescoes were created in secluded mountain ashors, probably playing the role of sanctuary. In addition to the frescoes, there are ancient "in" Africa bas-relief-petroglyphs and small stone statues of animals (bulls, rabbits, etc.).
In the 4th - 2nd millenniums in the center and in the east of the Sahara there were at least three foci of a relatively high agricultural cattle culture: at a richly irrigated rain wooded in those days of the Hoggar and his decent Tas-Sili-N "Agere, for no less fertile Fetzzana and Tibesti's Highlands, as well as in the Nile Valley. Materials of archaeological excavations and especially rock-painted images of Sugara and Egypt indicate that all three source of culture had a lot of general features: in the style of images, forms of ceramics, etc. everywhere - from Nile to Hohantara - Movers-farmers read the heavenly shovels in the images of the solar sheep, the bull and the celestial cow. According to the Nile and in now the truncated rivers that flowed on the Sahara, local fishermen floated on reed boats of similar forms. You can assume very similar forms of production, life and public Organizations. But after all, Egypt began to overtake Egypt from the mid-4th millennium in its development and eastern and central sugar.
In the first half of the 3rd millennium, the drying of ancient sugar intensified, which by that time was no longer a wet wooded country. On the lowland lands, the dry steppe began to crowd out high-alkaline park savannahs. However, in the 3 -2th millennium, the neolithic cultures of the Sahara continued to successfully develop, in particular, art was improved.
In Sudan, the transition to the production form of the economy was accomplished on the millennium later than in Egypt and in the east of Maghreb, but approximately simultaneously with Morocco and southern areas of Sahara and earlier than in areas lying on south.
On average, Sudan, on the northern outskirts of the swamps, in the 7th - 6th millenniums there was a Hartum mesolitic culture of stray hunters, fishermen and gatherers familiar with primitive pottery. They hunted on a wide variety of animals, large and small, from an elephant and hippopotamus to water mangone and red reed rats, which were in a wooded and swampy region, which was at that time the average valley of the Nile. Much less often than on mammals, the inhabitants of the Mesolithic Khartoum hunted on the reptiles (crocodile, Python, etc.) and very rarely - on birds. Hunting weapons served spears, harpuna and bows with arrows, and the shape of some stone arrow (geometric microliths) indicates the connection of the Khartoum Mesolithic culture with the Capsian culture of North Africa. Fisheries played a relatively important role in the life of the early inhabitants of Khartoum, but they have not yet had fishing hooks, they caught fish, apparently, baskets, beat with spears and raced arrows, at the end of the mesolitis the first bones of harpuna appear, as well as stone drills. There was a considerable importance to the gathering of river and land mollusks, seeds of Thtchis and other plants. From clay, they laid a rough dishes in the form of round-bottomed lochs and bowls, which were decorated with a simple ornament in the form of strips attached to these vessels similarities with baskets. Apparently, the inhabitants of the Mesolithic Khartoum also engaged in weaving baskets. Personal decorations they had rare, but their own vessels and probably their own bodies they painted the ocher extracted from nearby fields whose pieces were triturated on sandstone grabs, very diverse in shape and size. Deaders were buried right in the settlement, which may have been just a seasonal camp.
The carriers of the Khartum Mesolithic Culture penetrated far to the west, says Nakhodka at a minimient, in the north-west of Hoggar, 2 thousand km from Khartoum, typical shards of the late Hartum Mesolitis. This find is dated by radio framework 3430.
Over time, near the middle of the 4th Millennium, the Khartoma Mesolithic culture is replaced by the Khartoum Neolithic culture, traces of which are found in the vicinity of Khartoum, on the shores of the Blue Nile, in the north of Sudan - to the IV threshold, in the south-to VI of the threshold, in the east - to Kasala, and in the West - to the Mountains of Ennedi and the Vanyanga terrain in Borka (Eastern Sahara). The main activities of the inhabitants of the Neolithic. Khartoum - direct descendants of the mesolithic population of these places - remained hunting, fishing and gathering. The object of hunting served 22 types of mammals, but mainly large animals: buffaloes, giraffes, hippo, to a lesser extent elephants, rhinos, wart boys, seven types of antelopes, large and small predators, some rodents. In much smaller sizes, but more than in Mesolith, the Sudanese hunted on major reptiles and birds. Wild donkeys and Zebras were not killed, probably in religious motifs (totemism). Hunting tools served spears with tips from stone and bones, harpuna, onions and arrows, as well as axes, but now they were smaller and worse processed. Microlithm having a crescent shape made more often than in Mesolith. Stone tools, such as TEXT axes, were partially grinding. Fisheries were engaged in less than in Mesolith, and here, as on the hunt, the assignment took more selective nature; Called on the hook several species of fish. Hooks of Neolithic Khartoum, very primitive, made of shells, - in time in tropical Africa. The gathering of river and land mollusks, ostrich eggs, wild-growing fruits and seeds of Thtchis was important.
At that time, the landscape of the Middle Valley of the Nile was Losavan with gallery forests along the shores. In these forests, the inhabitants found themselves material for the construction of canoes, which were hollowed by stone and bone tights and semicircular strip axes, possibly from the palm trees. Compared to the Mesolitis, the production of workers, clay dishes and jewelry has significantly progressed. The dishes decorated with a stamped ornament, the inhabitants of the Neolithic Sudan were then grinding with a gallery and burned on fires. The manufacture of numerous personal decorations occupied a significant part of working time; They were made from semi-precious and other stones, shells, ostrich eggs, animal teeth, etc. Unlike the temporary camp of the Mesolitical inhabitants of the Khartoum of the settlement of Neolithic residents of Sudan were already permanent. One of them is Ash-Shahinab - studied especially carefully. However, no traces of dwellings, even the pillars for support pillars, not found here, not found and burials (perhaps the inhabitants of Neolithic Jajanab lived in the chalashes from reeds and herbs, and the dead threw in the Nile). An important innovation compared to the previous period was the appearance of cattle breeding: residents of Jajanab diluted small goats or sheep. However, the bones of these animals constitute only 2% of all bones found in the settlement; This gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe specific gravity of cattle breeding in the farm. No traces of land detected; It appears only in the next period. This is all the more significant that Ash-Shahinab, judging by the radiocarbonic analysis (3490 ± 880 and 3110 ± 450), modernized by the developed Neolithic culture of El Omari in Egypt (date by radiocarbon 3300 ± 230).
In the last quarter of the 4th millennium, the same Eneolytic cultures (AMPA and Merzese) existed in the middle valley of the Nile in the North Sudan, as in the neighboring Dodina-Stick Upper Egypt. Their carriers were engaged in primitive agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing on the banks of the Nile and on the neighboring plateau, covered with savanna vegetation. On the planeau and in the mountains to the west of the middle valley of the Nile, at the time of the relatively numerous cattle breeding and agricultural population. The southern periphery of the entire cultural zone was somewhere in the valleys of the White and Blue Nile (the burials "group A" are open in the Khartoum region, in particular, at the Omdurman Bridge) and Ash-Shahinaba. Language affiliation of their carriers is unknown. The farther to the south, the more innocent were the carriers of this culture. In Ash-Shahinab, they clearly belong to the Negroid race.
Southern burials as a whole poorer Northern, SHAYNABSKA products look more primitive than Faras and the more Egyptian. The funeral inventory of the "Protodinal" Ash-Shahinab is noticeably different from the burial inventory from the Omdurmansk bridge, although the distance between them is no more than 50 km; This gives some idea of \u200b\u200bthe size of ethnocultural communities. Characteristic product material - clay. It was made from the cult statuettes (for example, a clay female figure) and already quite a variety of and well-burned dishes, decorated with an embossed ornament (applied by scallop): Bowls of various samples, lands, row, spherical vessels. Characteristic for this culture, black vessels with a notch are found in a protodinal Egypt, where they are clearly the items of export from Nubia. Unfortunately, the contents of these vessels are unknown. For their part, the inhabitants of the protodinal "Sudan, as well as the modern Egyptians, received from the banks of the Red Sea of \u200b\u200bMepha's sinks, from which belt, necklaces and other decorations were made. Other trade information was not preserved.
For a number of signs of culture of Meso and Neolithic Sudan, they occupy the secondary place between the cultures of Egypt, Sugara and East Africa. Thus, the Gebel-Auliy stone industry (near Khartoum) resembles the culture of Noro in the parish, and Ceramics-Nubian and Sugar; Stone Tentes, similar to Khartoumski, are found in the west until the tener, north of Oz. Chad, and Tummo, north of Tibsty Mountains. At the same time, the main cultural and historical center to which the culture of Northeast Africa was Egypt.
According to E.J. Arkella, Khartoma Neolithic culture was associated with Egyptian Fayum through the mountainous areas of Ennedi and Tibesti, from where Khartumtsy and Payumts received a grayish-blue amazonite for the manufacture of beads.
When at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennium in Egypt, the class society began to develop and the state emerged, the lower Nubia turned out to be the southern outskirts of this civilization. Typical settlements of that time excavated from with. Dakki S. FERS in 1909-1910. And the Choj-Dauda Soviet Expedition in 1961-1962. The community inhabited here was engaged in dairy cattle and primitive agriculture; They sowed a wheelbarrow and barley, collected the fruits of the palm trees and Sidder. Significant development reached pottery, ivory was processed, flint from which the basic guns were manufactured; Metals used copper and gold. The culture of the population of Nubia and Egypt of this era of archeology conventionally denote as the culture of the "Group A" tribes. Its carriers in anthropological relations belonged mainly to the European divided race. At the same time (near the middle of the 3rd millennium, according to radiocarbon analysis), the Negroid inhabitants of the settlement of Jebel-et-Tomat in Central Sudan sown sorghum sorgnum bicolor.
In the period III, the Egyptian dynasty (near the middle of the 3rd millennium) in Nubia comes the general decline in household and culture associated, according to a number of scientists, with the invasion of nomadic tribes and the weakening of relations with Egypt; At this time, the process of drying the sugar was sharply intensified.
In East Africa, including Ethiopia and Somalia, the "neolithic revolution" occurred, apparently, only in the 3rd millennium, much later than in Sudan. Here at this time, as in the previous period, the Europeanoids or Ethiopoids lived, similar to their physical type on the oldest nubians. The southern branch of the same group of tribes lived in Kenya and North Tanzania. South of them lived Boscodo-ID (Koisan) Hunters-collectors, Sanda-ve and Hadza Tanzania and Bushmen South Africa.
Neolithic cultures of Eastern Africa and Western Sudan, apparently developed completely only during the heyday of the ancient Egyptian civilization and the relatively high neolithic cultures of Maghreb and Sugara, and they coexisted with the remnants of mesolitical cultures for a long time.
Like Stallbean and other Paleolithic cultures, the mesolitic cultures of Africa occupied huge spaces. So, the capassies traditions are trained from Morocco and Tunisia to Kenya and Western Sudan. Later magosium culture. First open in East Uganda, was common in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, almost throughout East and Southeast Africa to r. Orange. It is characterized by microlic blades and cutters and coarse clay dishes, appearing already in the later stages of the capsia.
Magosy is presented by a number of local versions; Some of them have evolved in special cultures. Such is the daisy culture of Somalia. Her carriers hunted with onions and arrows, kept dogs. A relatively high level of milking mesolithic is emphasized by the presence of pestes and, apparently, primitive ceramics. (Famous English Archaeologist D. Clark considers direct descendants of the efforts of the current hunters-collectors of Somalia).
Another local culture is Elmethte the Kenya, the main center of which was located in the area of \u200b\u200bOz. Nakuru. For elmethitis, abundant ceramics are characteristic - Cups and large clay jugs. Such is the culture of Smithfield in South Africa, for which the microliths are typical, grinding stone tools, bone products and coarse clay utensils.
Wilton culture came to replace all these cultures received its name from Wilton's farm in Natal. Her parkings find up to Ethiopia and Somalia in the northeast and up to the southern tip of the mainland. Wilton in different places have the mesolitic, then distinctly neolithic appearance. In the north, it is mainly a culture of cattle breeders that bred the long-legged bulls like Bos Africanus, in the south -culture of hunters-collectors, and in some way - primitive farmers, such as in Zambia and Rhodesia, where among the characteristic Late Ailton Stone Inventory have found several polished Stone axes. Apparently, it is more correct to talk about the Wilton complex of cultures, which includes the Neolithic cultures of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya 3rd - the middle of the 1st of the Millennium. At the same time, the first simplest states were formed (see). They arose on the basis of a voluntary union or a violent merger of the tribes.
The neolithic culture of Ethiopia 2nd - the middle of the 1st millennium characterizes the following features: Moth agriculture, cattle breeding (breeding of large and small horned, livestock and donkeys), rocky art, grinding of stone guns, pottery, weaving with plant fiber, relative settlement , rapid growth of the population. At least the first half of the neolithic period in Ethiopia and Somalia is the era of the coexistence of the assignant and primitive producing farm with the dominant role of cattle breeding, namely breeding by AFRICANUS.
The most famous monuments of this era are large groups (many hundreds of figures) of rock images in Eastern Ethiopia and Somalia and in the Corow Cave in Eritrea.
Among the earliest time includes some images in the dickery cave near Dira Daua, where the red hooland draws various wild animals and hunters. Drawing style (Famous French archaeologist A. Breilel allocated over seven timed styles here) naturalistic. The cave found stone weapons of the magzy and Wilton types.
Extreme ancient images of wild and domestic animals of naturalistic or semi-naturalistic style are open in the territory of Genda Beft, Lago-Oda, Errer-Kimeta, etc., north of Harera and near Dira-Daua. There are shepherd scenes here. Cattle is long-legged, murmur, view of the AFRICANUS. The cows indicate the udder, therefore, they were delivered. Among the domestic cows and bulls there are images of African buffaloes, obviously domesticated. Other pets are not visible. One of the images suggests that, as in the IX-XIX centuries, African Wilton's shepherds ride the bulls. Shepherds are dressed in gaps and short skirts (from leather?). In the hair of one of them comb. Armament was spears and shields. Lukes and arrows, also drawn on some frescoes in Genda Beft, Lago-Ode and Saka Sheriff (near Errher-Kimet), obviously, used by hunters, modern shepherd Wiltonians
There are images of people with a circle on the head, very similar to the Sugar, in particular the Hoggarian region, have images. But in general, the style and objects of the rocky frescoes of Ethiopia and Somalia detect the undoubted similarity with the frescoes of sugar and the upper Egypt of dodinal time.
A later period includes schematic images of people and animals in various places of Somalia and the Harer area. At that time, the prevailing breed of livestock was Zebu - undoubted evidence of the links of Northeast Africa with India. The most schematic images of livestock in the Bel-Ebe region (South Somalia), apparently, speak of a well-known peculiarity of local Wilton culture.
If the rocky frescoes are found both on Ethiopian and in the Somali territory, then engraving on the rocks is characteristic of Somalia. It is approximately modern frescoes. In the area of \u200b\u200bBour-Dahir, El-Goran, etc., engraved images of people armed with spears and shields, murmur and humpbow cows, as well as camels and some other animals, are open in the Shebal Valley. In general, they resemble similar images from Onyba in the Nubian desert. In addition to cattle and camels, there may be images of sheep or goats, but they are too sketching so that they can be identified with confidence. In any case, the ancient Somali Bushmenoids of Wilton rated sheep.
In the 60s, several more creation groups were opened and Wilton Parking in the area of \u200b\u200bHarer and in Sidamo Province, northeast. Abay. Here also the leading industry of the economy was the breeding of cattle.
In the West Africa "Neolithic Revolution" occurred in a very difficult situation. Here in the most ancient times, wet (plvian) and dry periods alternated. During the wet periods at the place of Savannnes, aburred by hoofed animals and favorable to the activities of people, dense rainforests (hyileans) were distributed, almost impassable for the people of the Stone Age. They are more reliable than the desert Sugara spaces, blocking access to the ancient inhabitants of North and East Africa in the western part of the continent.
One of the most famous monuments of Neolithic Guinea is Cavombon's grotto near Conakry, open in colonial time. Here, kirks, hoes, teslas, gear guns and several axes polished or only on cutting edge were found here, as well as ornamented ceramics. There are no arrowheads, but there are leaf-shaped tips of throwing copies. Slide inventory (in particular, polished along the blade of the Topor) was found in three places near Conakry. Another group of neolithic parking was opened in the vicinity of Kindia, about 80 km north-east of the Guinea Capital. The characteristic feature of the local neolithic - polished toporists, pickaxes and chisels, round trapezoid tips of darts and arrows, stone discs for weighting of stick-digging sticks, grinded stone bracelets, as well as ornamented ceramics.
Approximately 300 km north of the city of Kindia, near the city of Telimel, on the Highlands of Futa-Dzallo, the parking of Wali was opened, the inventory of which is very similar to the guns from Cavombon. But unlike the latter, leafoids and triangular arrows are found here.
In 1969-1970 The Soviet scientist V.V.Soloviev opened a number of new standings with typical polished and frogly axes, as well as bricks and disk-like nucleuses from both surfaces, was discovered on foot-djalon (in Middle Guinea). At the same time, there is no ceramics on newly open parking. Their dating is very difficult. As the Soviet archaeologist P. I. Boriskovsky, in West Africa, "the same types of stone products continue to meet, not undergoing particularly significant changes, for a number of epochs - from Sango (45-35 thousand years ago. .) To the late Paleolitis. " The same can be said about the monuments of West African Neolithic. Archaeological studies manufactured in Mauritania, Senegal, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Top Voltage and other West African countries show the continuity of forms of microlithic and grinding stone tools, as well as ceramics since the end of the 4th-2th millennium BC. e. And until the first centuries of the new era. Often, individual items made in the oldest time are almost indistinguishable from the products of the 1st millennium. e.
Undoubtedly, this indicates the striking stability of ethnic communities and created by them in the territory of tropical Africa an ancient and ancient times.
The history of Africa is the history of mysteries.
Modern African states appeared on the Mary political map mostly after 1959, many of them were the colonies of England and France, Portugal. The colonial period imposed a strong imprint on African historical science. The colonialists considered themselves to be carriers of civilization in "wild" African countries. Many ancient historical monuments were destroyed. Therefore, the modern African historical science of homelights from an empty place (with the exception of Egypt and Ethiopia). It was actually the fact that before the appearance of the British, Portuguese and French, there were only wild tribes in Africa. (By the way, Western scientists are constantly trying to inspire the Russians that the history of Ancient Russia began with the advent of Varyagov (Normanov, the Anglo-Saxons with Scandinavia, and before the emergence of their Rusichi had no civilization and the state).
So it was, I will briefly tell in this article. I will start with some unexplained facts.
Iron metallurgy appeared in Africa much earlier than in Europe. In Africa, iron was paid in 1st thousand-15. The ancient countries of the East brought iron from Africa and this iron was significantly better than in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, Palestine, Babylonia and India). Even the Roman Empire brought iron and gold from West Africa (these countries were called the countries of the Golden Coast). And the ancient Egyptians called the countries of Africa, the country of the officer, from where many rare goods were brought.
In Africa, there were many ancient states that were very poorly studied because of the activities of colonizers.
And now I will tell my point of view on the ancient history of Africa (which will not be fundamentally coincided with official historical science).
17 million years old DNE continent Africa has not yet been, there were small islands on the spot of Africa (especially in its eastern part). The largest mainland was Lemuria and its first people (they can be called lemurries or asuras) and they had a very developed civilization.
4 million flying DNE - at that time, Mainland Lemuria began to go to the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and the mainland of Africa (his eastern part) began to rise over the waters of the World Ocean. Part of the Asurov from Lemuria began to move from Lemuria to East Africa. They later became pigments, Bushmen, Gottenitians, Hadza, Sanda.
1 million left DNE - One Island - Magadascar remained from the mainland of Lemuria. African mainland even more rose over the ocean level.
Approximately 800 thousand years old DNE Mainland Lemuria completely disappeared at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and in the Atlantic there was a large mainland atlantis and the civilization of the Atlanta. Who was the first to use natural fossils Africa (iron, non-ferrous metals, gold and silver) unknown. It could be the descendants of Asurov, but could also be atlanta. Their civilization also needed a lot of iron, non-ferrous metals and gold. After all, it was the civilization of the Atlanta that began to carry all of humanity to the wrong way of development (the way of enrichment, the capture path). It is the Atlanta that invented a new status for subordinate people - slavery. It was at this time that man worship began to be a new fetish (God) - money, luxury, gold.
Approximately 79 thousand years old DNE. The mainland of Atlantis suffered the fate of the ancient Lemuria - the mainland went under the water of the Atlantic, only the island of Poseidonis remained from him, where the late Atlanta lived. Part of the Atlanta also began to move to the territory of Africa. The mainland of Africa basically acquired a modern look, but the territory of the Sahara was still under water.
At about 9500, DNE island Poseidonis completely left the water of the Atlantic. Part of the descendants of the Atlanta settled in the north of Africa (the tribes of the Orange and Sebilk archaeological culture). On the rest of the territory, the tribes of Pygmeys and Koisans (these are descendants of degraded asuras). It is likely that at these times the civilization of African metallurgists in South Africa (the territory of Zambia and Zimbabwe) continued to exist, because iron and gold was required by the new civilizations of the Ancient East (Egypt and Palestine, the Jerichon state).
Around 9000, Dne Africa was the same as now, only sugar was not desert, wet subtropics and there were descendants of Atlantov (the tribes of the Orange and Sebilic culture). The south of the Sahara (at the junction of the northern tribes and southern tribes of Pygmeys and Kaisantsev) is beginning to make shape.
Approximately 5700, the DNE in the north of Africa wars a new group of peoples - the Sugar peoples (this is the tribes of the Capsian archaeological culture). Perhaps at this time, metallurgy of iron and other metals continued to exist in South Africa. After all, new states of the Middle East continued to develop. It is still possible that on the basis of African Metallurgy Asura (not those that degraded, and those that continued to develop in the direction of the conquest of space - they lived in Tibet, MU MU) and Atlanta (who also sought space) The first space ships were built.
By the end of 4-thousand DNE, sugar is becoming an increasingly arid region, the Sugar peoples are increasingly south from the Sahara, the Libyan tribes (future beribers) are occupied by Libyan. Because of the pressure of Sakhav, the Negroid peoples also begin to move to the south and begin to close the Pygmes of the Center of Africa. I think that during this period, the Southern African metallurgy developed for late Asurov and Late Atlantov (for the development of space), as well as for the rapidly growing states of the Ancient East (Egypt, the Middle East, Sumer, Northern India). At this time, small states in Europe (Crete, Greece) begin to appear.
By 1100 DNE in Africa there was a new group of peoples - a bow, they first lived on the territory of modern Cameroon and Nigeria, from this territory they began an active movement to the south of Africa, ousting and destroying Pygmen and Koisans. At the same time, a new people appear on the northern coast of Africa - Garamants (these are the former residents of the ancient Greece, displaced from the Greek-Doriians from there). In my opinion, at this time, iron metallurgy in southern Africa began to develop weaker, as the asuras could have conquered space by this time and did not need the products of African metallurgists, the Atlants could also take less iron and non-ferrous metals, since in the ancient countries The East was mastered by iron metallurgy.
By the beginning of our era, the peoples of the Bantu had already reached the territory of Zambia, where the metallurgy took decay by this time, the civilization of metallurgists almost disappeared, and the bow did not have owned this craft. At the same time, many new iron, non-ferrous metals and gold were opened in East Africa, metallurgy began to develop. Perhaps this development occurred because of the appearance of Garamants there (after all, they were well owned by the skills of metallurgists). It was from now that the Roman merchants (through sugar) began to be in West Africa and buy iron there, non-ferrous metals and gold.
The question of the appearance itself early states In Africa (not counting Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) is the most incomprehensible in the study of the history of Africa. It could not be developed mctllurgy without civilization (without a state). But this option is also possible that the South Africa metallurgists existed as part of the Late Asurov and Atlanta civilization. And after the asuras and the Atlanta have become unnecessary services of metallurgists (they have already become cosmic civilizations), the South African metallurgy has ceased to exist, although there was a state of mine in the late 17th century, which disappeared at the end of the 17th century due to the appearance of new tribes there, Not knowledgeable metallurgy (it was the tribes of the development destroyed this state).
According to modern historical science, the first state (south of the Sahara) appeared on the territory of Mali in the 3rd century - it was the state of Ghana. The ancient Ghana traded gold and metals, even with the Roman Empire and Byzantium. Perhaps this state arose significantly earlier, but during the existence of the colonial authorities of England and France, all information about Ghana was missing (the colonizers did not want to recognize that Ghana is significantly ancient of England and France). Under the influence of Ghana in West Africa, later other states - Mali, Songai, Kanem, Tarur, House, Ifra, Kano and other countries of West Africa appeared.
Another focus of the emergence of states in Africa is the surroundings of Lake Victoria (the territory of modern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi). The first state there appeared about the 11th century - it was the state of the Kitara. In my opinion, the state of the Kitar was created by migrants from the territory of modern Sudan - the Nilotian tribes, which the Arab settlers were supplanted from their territory. Later there appeared other states - Buganda, Rwanda, Analysis.
At about the same time (according to scientific history) - in the 11th century, in the south of Africa there was a state of mine, which will disappear at the end of the 17th century (will be destroyed by wild tribes). I believe that the beginning of the beginning existence is much earlier, and the inhabitants of this state are the descendants of the most ancient metallurgists of the world that have connections still with asuras and Atlants.
Around the middle of the 12th century, the first state appeared in the center of Africa - NDonggo (this is the territory in the north of modern Angola). Later in the center of Africa, other countries appeared - Congo, Matamba, Mwat and Babba. In the process of the development of statehood in Africa, from the 15th century, the colonial states of Europe began to interfere - Portugal, Nitchdanda, Belgium, England, France and Germany. If first they were interested in gold, silver and precious stones, then later the main goods were slaves (and these countries were engaged, which officially rejected the existence of slavery). Slaves thousands were exported to America's plantations. Only much later at the end of the 19th century, the colonizers began to involve natural minerals in Africa. And it is for this reason that extensive colonial territories appeared in Africa. Colonies in Africa interrupted the development of the peoples of Africa, distorted its entire history. So far, significant archaeological research in Africa is not held (African countries themselves are poor, and England and France, the true history of Africa is not needed, as in Russia, in Russia, too, good research on the ancient history of Russia is not carried out, the money goes to buy locks and Yachts in Europe, total corruption deprives the science of real research).
The ancient history of Africa (and Russia) is still a lot of riddles.
Saved
There was a meeting of civilizations, which changed the lifestyle of many nations of the world, but not always for the better. For Africans, she turned around a terrible disaster - slave trade. Europeans turned the continent to the present field of hunting for people.
From slave trade to conquest
Tens of millions of people were removed outside of Africa - the strongest, healthy and hardy. Shameful trade of black slaves has become an integral part of European history and the history of two Americas.
In the XIX century, after the slave traded it was finished, the Europeans began to conquer the African continent. The most dramatic events occurred in the last third of century. European powers literally ruined in Africa, and completed their "work" to the beginning of the First World War.
Research Africa
On the eve of the decisive fight for Africa, that is, for the seventies, only the tenth of the huge continent was in possession of the European powers. Algeria belonged to France. Cape colony in southern Africa - England. There were also two small states of the descendants of the Dutch immigrants were created. The remaining European possessions were supporting bases on the sea coast. The internal areas of Africa were secret for seven castles - unexplored and lowered.
Henry Stanley (left) went in 1869 to Africa to search for Livingston, who did not know about himself for three years. They met on the shore of Lake Tanganyika in 1871
European expansion into the depths of the African continent in the XIX century. It became possible thanks to extensive geographical research. From 1800 to 1870, more than 70 large geographical expeditions were sent to Africa.Travelers and Christian missionaries collected valuable information about the natural wealth and population of tropical Africa. Many of them have made a great contribution to science, but European industrialists took advantage of their activities.
Outstanding travelers were the Frenchman Kaye, the German Barth, Scot Livingston and the Englishman Stanley. Only bold and hardy people could overcome huge distances, fruitless deserts and impassable jungle, thresholds and waterfalls of the Great African rivers. The Europeans had to deal with adverse climatic conditions and tropical diseases. Expeditions lasted for years, and not all participants returned home. The history of the study of Africa is a long mortyologist. In it, the most noble and disinterested from Livingston travelers, who died in 1873 from the fever, occupies the limestick.
Wealth Africa
European colonialists attracted its huge natural wealth in Africa, valuable types of raw materials, such as, for example, rubber and palm oil. Manila the opportunity to grown in favorable climatic conditions cocoa, cotton, sugar cane and other agricultural crops. On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, and then gold and diamonds were found in South Africa. Finally, new streams of European goods could be sent to Africa.
The study of the African continent forced Europeans to recognize the existence of original African art. String musical instrument. Ritual musical instruments
Leopold II and Africa
The Belgian King Leopold II was laid the beginning of a decisive fight for Africa.The motive of his actions was greed. In early 1876, he read a message that the "amazing and fabulously rich country" is located in the Congo basin. The man who ruled a very small state literally caught fire the idea to get a huge territory equal to the size of one third of the United States. To this end, he invited Henry Stanley to the service. He was already a famous traveler and became famous for finding a lost expedition of Livingston in Africa's wildlings.
On behalf of the Belgian King Stanley went to the Congo with a special mission. He concluded a number of contracts with African leaders to the territorial possessions and deception. By 1882 he managed to purchase more than 1 million square kilometers for the King of Belgium. At the same time, England occupied Egypt. The territorial section began in Africa.
Belgian king, lucky and enterprising, was concerned. How does European powers be treated for his actions?
Berlin Conference
France and Portugal did not hide their discontent. Still would! After all, they went at the very moment when they planned the seizure of the Congolese territories. The arms of disputes were allowed at the Berlin International Conference, convened in 1884 on the initiative of the German Chancellor Bismarck.
Representatives of 14 European states "Weeki" at the conference territorial section of Africa.To purchase any territory, it was enough to "effectively occupy" it and promptly notify the remaining powers about it. After such a decision, the Belgian king could be completely calm. He became the "legitimate" owner of the territories, ten times more than the size of his own country.
"Great African Hunting"
By purchasing African territories, Europeans in most cases resorted to deception and tricks.After all, the treaties subscribed to the leaders of the tribes that could not read and often did not delve into the content of the document. In return, the natives received a remuneration in the form of several bottles of Gina, red scarves or colorful clothes.
If necessary, Europeans used weapons. After the invention in 1884 the Maxim machine gun that produced 11 bullets per second, the military advantage was completely on the side of the colonizers. The courage and the courage of blacks almost did not have any meaning. As the English poet Bellock wrote:
Everything will be the way we want;
In case of all sorts of trouble
There is a machine gun with us "Maxim",
They have no "Maxim".
The conquest of the continent was more like hunting than at war. It is not by chance that it entered the story called the "Great African Hunting".
In 1893, Zimbabwe 50 Europeans armed with 6 machine guns, killed 3 thousand blacks from the Neddeel tribe in two hours. In 1897, in the north of Nigeria, a military detachment of 32 Europeans with 5 machine guns and 500 African mercenaries defeated the 30 thousandth army of Emir Sokhoto. In the battle for Omdurman in Sudan in 1898, the British during the five-hour battle were destroyed by 11 thousand sudanents, losing only 20 soldiers.
The desire of European powers to get ahead of each other more than once caused international conflicts. However, it did not reach military clashes. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Section of Africa ended. The huge territories of the continent were in possession of England, France, Portugal, Italy, Belgium and Germany. And although the military advantage was on the side of Europeans, many African peoples rendered them fierce resistance. The most famous example is Ethiopia.
Ethiopia against European Colonization
Back in the XVI century. Ethiopia tried to win Ottoman Turks and Portuguese. But all their attempts were unsuccessful. In the XIX century Interest in her began to show developed European powers, especially England. She openedly interfered into the internal affairs of this African country, and in 1867 the 15-thousandth English army invaded its limits. European soldiers were armed with new sample guns. One thing happened, but the decisive battle is a man's battle with the car. Ethiopian troops were broken, and the emperor, not wanting to give up, shot himself. The British lost only two people.
The defeated country was lying at the feet of the conquerors, but England could not use the fruits of his victory. The same thing happened as in Afghanistan. Nature and people were against the conquerors.The British lacked food, drinking water. They were surrounded by hostile population. And they were forced to leave the country.
At the end of the XIX century. Over Ethiopia hung a new threat. This time from Italy. Her attempts to establish the protectorate over Ethiopia were rejected by smart and far-sighted emperor Menelik II. Then Italy began the war against Ethiopia. Meallic appealed to the people with the appeal: "Because of the sea came to us enemies, they broke the inviolability of our borders and seek to destroy our faith, our fatherland ... I'm going to act in defense of the country and give fire to the enemy. Let anyone who has forces have, follow me. " The Ethiopian people rallied around the emperor, and he managed to create a 100th thousandth army.
Emperor Menelik II personally leads the actions of his army. In the battle of Atuua, the Italians out of 17 thousand soldiers lost 11 thousand killed and wounded. In the struggle for the integrity of his country, Menelik II tried to rely on Russia. The latter, in turn, was interested in strong independent Ethiopia
In March 1896, the famous Battle of Adua took place. For the first time, the African army managed to defeat the troops of the European Power. Moreover, a peaceful treaty was signed, according to which Italy recognized the sovereignty of Ethiopia - the only independent African state at the end of the XIX century.
Anglo-Board War
Dramatic events took place in southern Africa. It was the only place on the continent, where white fought with white: British with descendants of Dutch immigrants - boots. The struggle for southern Africa was a long, stubborn and unfair on both sides.
At the beginning of the XIX century. Cape colony passed into the hands of England. New owners have canceled slavery and thus caused the strongest blow to the agricultural and cattle-household economy, based on slave labor. In search of new lands, the borants began their great relocation to the North and East, deep into the continent, ruthlessly destroying the local population. In the middle of the XIX century. They formed two independent states - an orange free state and the Republic of South Africa (Transvaal). Soon on the territory of the Transvaal, huge stocks of diamonds and gold were found. This discovery and solved the fate of the Board Republics. England has done everything possible to take fabulous wealth towards her hands.
In 1899, the Anglo-Board War broke out. The sympathies of many people of the world were on the side of the little fearless people who had challenged the largest power of that time. The war, as was to be expected, ended in 1902 by the victory of England, which began to preempt to prevail in southern Africa.
It is interesting to know
In just 50 dollars
At the beginning of the XIX century. In the United States, "American colonization society" originated for the purpose of relocation to Africa liberated black slaves. The location of the settlement was elected the territory in the Guinean coast of West Africa. In 1821, the "society" acquired from local leaders to the eternal use of the Earth for six guns, a box Bus, two barrels tobacco, four hats, three nasal scarves, 12 mirrors and other goods with a total cost of $ 50. At first, negros-immigrants founded the settlement of Monrovia on these lands (in honor of the American president D. Monroe). In 1847, the Republic of Liberia was proclaimed, which means "free". In fact, the free state was depending on the United States.
Supreme leader of Lobengula and his people
Moved into the maintenance of the continent, the bora pushed out Matabel from the territory of Transvaal in Mezhdu Zambisi - Limpopo. But here the exiles did not find peace. The struggle for the interfluve, for which the British, and the Buras, and the Portuguese claimed, and the Germans, heated rumors about the rich gold deposits on the new lands of Matabel. The biggest force in this fight was the British. Under the threat of force, they forced Lobenguul to "sign" (put the cross) in 1888 an unequal agreement. And in 1893 the British invaded Matabel's lands. An unequal struggle ended in three years by the accession of transrachia to English possessions in South Africa began. Due to differences in cultures and ideas about life and the world around the world, Africans were difficult to understand Europeans. And yet the most far-sighted people, such as the Lobengula's leader, were able to sort out fraudulent maneuvers of the British and in their methods of struggle for South Africa: "Have you ever seen how the chameleon hunts for a fly? The chameleon becomes behind the fly and remains immobile for a while, then begins gently and slowly move forward, silently rearrangement of one leg after another. Finally, approaching enough, it throws his tongue - and the fly disappears. England - Chameleon, and I - Muha. "
References:
V. S. Koshelev, I.V. Orzhovsky, V.I. Sinitsa / World History of the New Time XIX - NCH. XX century, 1998.
It was in Africa that the remains of the oldest species of the human race were found, which suggests that the African continent is the birthplace of the first people and civilizations. For this reason, Africa is sometimes called the cradle of humanity.
The earliest history of the continent is connected with the Nile valley, where the famous civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed. The Egyptians had well-planned cities and developed culture, in addition, they also invented the system of writing - hieroglyphs, thanks to which they recorded their daily life. All this happened about 3000 BC.
Most of the peoples of Africa were represented by the kingdoms combined on the tribal type. Each tribe spoke in his own language. Even today, such social entry is preserved.
Middle Ages
After the death of the Prophet Mohammed, Islamic warriors have repeatedly made raids on different areas of the continent, capturing most of North Africa to 711 G.N. Then followed a series of internal civil workers, due to the question of the successor of the prophet. These differences led to permanent soldiers for power, and at different times, different regions of Africa managed different leaders. By the 11th century, Islam was distributed to the southern part of the continent, according to the end of which one third of the total population of Africa became Muslims.
Contact with Europe
Over the 19th century, different African kingdoms began to establish contact with Europe. It was during this period that there was a significant increase in the pace of colonization of Africa, and slaves from different regions were sent to work in the colony and plantations, in particular, to America. For the most part, Europeans controlled only the coastal regions of Africa, in the internal regions of the continent, the control remained behind the local rulers and Islamists.
Peoples of Africa participated in both world wars. After World War II, the power of Europeans weakened, and African colonies began to demand freedom. The strong catalyst in this issue was the successful struggle of India for its independence. But even after many states have achieved freedom, they were waiting for more severe tests in the form of mass hunger, civil wars, epidemics, and political instability. Even today, many African countries experience the same difficulties.