Plan
Introduction
1 Political activity
2 Legacy
3 Sources
4 Bibliography
Introduction
Heinrich ( Enrique, Enrique) Navigator(port. Henrique; March 4, 1394 (13940304), Porto - November 13, 1460, Sagres) - Portuguese infante, son of King John I, organizer of many Portuguese naval expeditions to the south along the West African coast. Henry participated in the capture of Ceuta (1415) (see Battle of Ceuta), which became an outpost of Portuguese expansion in Africa. Since 1418, Henry settled in the south of Portugal near the city of Lagos and founded an observatory there. In the city of Sagrish, he founded a navigation school where the best mathematicians and cartographers taught.
1. Political activity
The activities of Henry the Navigator intertwined various interests: colonizer (the desire to capture new lands for the Portuguese crown), explorer (discovery of new lands, drawing maps, etc.), missionary (spread of Christianity among new peoples), crusader (Henry was the Grand Master knightly and monastic order of Christ, participated in a number of campaigns against the Arabs of North Africa). Henry's main attention was paid to sailing south along the western coast of Africa in order to find an eastern sea route to India around Africa.
Finding a sea route to India was very important for Portugal. The country, located away from the main trade routes of the time, could not participate in world trade with great benefit. Exports were small, and the Portuguese had to buy valuable goods from the East, such as spices, at very high prices, while the country, after the Reconquista and the wars with Castile, was poor and did not have the financial capacity for this.
However, the geographical position of Portugal was very favorable for discoveries on the west coast of Africa and attempts to find a sea route to the “land of spices”.
At that time, sailors believed that the Earth was flat, Africa extended all the way to the South Pole and was a barren and uninhabited desert, and the Indian Ocean was not connected to the Atlantic. They were afraid to meet anything unfamiliar; Stories have been passed down from generation to generation about mythical monsters living in the depths of the ocean and easily destroying ships, about the solar heat of the tropics burning ships, about how the water beyond the equator becomes impossible to navigate...
But, starting in 1419 and until his death, Henry equipped expeditions one after another that discovered a number of islands off the west coast of Africa (Madeira Island, the Azores, Cape Verde Islands). These expeditions rounded Cape Bojador, Cape Cabo Blanco, and explored the mouths of the Senegal and Gambia rivers. Moving further and further, they brought gold from the Guinean coast and created strongholds on open lands.
Even then, the first shipments of black slaves were delivered to Portugal and the slave trade began. Henry immediately introduced a state monopoly on the trade in black slaves.
Understanding the importance of maritime trade and navigation, the infant paid great attention to the development of cartography and shipbuilding, inviting craftsmen from different countries to Portugal. During his reign, the Portuguese invented new types of ships capable of sailing against the wind, developing impressive speeds for those times, and at the same time carrying large volumes of goods. Without such ships, efficient maritime trade would be impossible.
In 1452, Pope Nicholas V, with his bull, sanctioned the seizure of African lands by the Portuguese and the enslavement of their inhabitants.
2. Legacy
After the death of Henry the Navigator, there was some break in the advance of the Portuguese to the south. However, his activities largely laid the foundations for the maritime and colonial power of Portugal. He was no stranger to political struggle, in particular, he participated in intrigues around the Portuguese throne. In military affairs, success was not always on his side. For example, under his command, Portuguese troops suffered a crushing defeat in an attempt to capture Tangier in 1437, after which Henry the Navigator was ready to give up Ceuta. Prince Henry died in 1460, by which time Portuguese explorers had reached the coast of what is now Sierra Leone and discovered the Cape Verde Islands. Henry's efforts inspired Portuguese sailors to round the Cape of Good Hope and find a sea route to India and the Far East.
3. Sources
Zurara, Gomes Ianish di. Chronicle of the discovery and conquest of Guinea. Eastern literature. Translation from Portuguese - O. Dyakonov
4. Bibliography
· Beasley C.R. Henry the Navigator. M., 1979
Henry the Navigator - Duke of Portugal Henrique de Viseu. Born March 4, 1394, died November 13, 1460. Known for his participation in seafaring expeditions to the Madeira Islands and along the west coast of Africa.
early years
Henry was the third son of King John I and Philippa of Lancaster. Henry (Enrique) and his brothers Duarte and Pedro were educated at home. Since childhood, Henry was distinguished by his craving for chivalric romance and astronomy. He dreamed of taking part in military campaigns and conquering his own kingdom.
The starting point for the rise of Henry was the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. According to Henry Gomes' biographer Enessu Zurare, the brothers convinced their royal father to conduct a military campaign that would allow them to prove themselves in real combat. King John agreed and began preparations for an attack on Ceuta. At the same time, the king ordered to spread a rumor that an attack would be made on another city in order to lull the vigilance of the Moroccans.
At this time, a plague swept through Portugal, and the queen became one of its victims. Despite this, the army set out in July 1415. King John took Ceuta by surprise. As he expected, capturing the city was an easy task. As Zurare later wrote, Henry played the main role in this victory. However, despite the fact that Henry was indeed an outstanding warrior, it was undoubtedly King John who led the campaign. Henry was tasked with governing Ceuta and assuming leadership of the civil and administrative authorities.
In 1418, an emergency arose. The rulers of Fez and Granada made an attempt to return the city to Morocco. Henry hastened to head to Ceuta with reinforcements, but upon arriving in the city he discovered that the Portuguese garrison had successfully repelled the attack. Henry put forward a proposal to attack Grenada, although he was well aware that this would antagonize Castile.
John, who fought for many years against the attempts of the Castilians to annex Portugal, knew that this was fraught with big problems. He prevented Henry from inciting conflict.
At the age of 26, Henry receives the title of Duke of Viseu and is declared Lord of Covhil. In 1420, Henry became head of the Order of Christ, the Portuguese equivalent of the Knights Templar. In subsequent years, Henry led an ascetic and chaste life. However, he still had an illegitimate daughter. Moreover, his brother Duarte often condemned Henry for being extravagant and unnecessary.
Expeditions to Madeira
While heading the Order of Christ, Henry had access to the brotherhood's charitable funds. In the mid-1420s, Henry decided to finance Atlantic expeditions from the order's treasury. He wanted to find new opportunities for Portugal in trade and gold mining. His main idea was to create profitable colonies on previously unused islands. His expeditions to Madeira were the most successful.
While Henry only financed the Atlantic expeditions, his brother Pedro took an active part in them. Pedro visited England, Flanders, Germany, Hungary and returned home through Italy, Aragon and Castile. Henry's other brother, Duarte, became king of Portugal at this time, succeeding his father John in 1433. During the five years of Duarte's reign, Henry's expeditions to the Canary Islands did not bring the desired success, for this reason Enrique ordered his captains to move further along the Atlantic coast. During this voyage, sailors rounded Cape Boyador in 1434, destroying the superstition that had previously stopped them. Over the next years, Henry's captains advanced along the Rio de Oro and began colonizing the Azores.
In 1437, Henry received Duarte's reluctant consent to an expedition to Tangier. The capture of Ceuta brought good profits to Portugal, and the brothers believed that possession of neighboring Tangier would increase Ceuta's security. Henry, along with his younger brother Fernando, attacked Tangier and were defeated. Henry proved himself to be an incompetent general and tactician. Fernando was taken hostage and killed in 1443. Henry blamed himself for his death. King Duarte died in 1438, shortly before Henry's return from Tangier.
His heir was Alfonso V, who at that time was only six. Henry was forced to accept the regency. For the next ten years, Pedro and Henry effectively ruled the country in harmony with each other. In 1441, one of Henry's Caravels returned from West Africa loaded with gold and slaves. This silenced everyone who had previously criticized Henry for waste on expeditions. Already in 1448, the slave trade began to bring unprecedented profits to Portugal. Henry used the money to build a fort and warehouse on the island of Arguin.
By this time, Alfonso had reached 14 years of age. His mother died in Castile, and the young king married Pedro's daughter Isabella. Pedro was against this alliance and a serious conflict arose between him and Alfonso, which threatened to escalate into an armed confrontation. Heinrich felt between two fires. He understood that he had to fight the king on Pedro’s side, but until the last he tried to stay in the background. He did not take part in the skirmish at Alfaroberira in 1449, when his brother Pedro was killed. After Pedro's death, Henry moved to the south of Portugal, to his castle of Sagres, where he spent most of the rest of his life. Henry received from the king the right to manage caravel voyages to Africa and conduct trade. Thanks to Henry's further expeditions, the Cape Verde Islands were discovered.
Alfonso had little interest in expeditions and trade. He wanted to participate in conquests and battles. The king renewed Portugal's attempts to conquer Morocco. Henry was already 64 years old at that time. Despite his age, the Duke still handled weapons well. Henry took part in the capture of Alcácer. When the city capitulated, Alphonse gave Henry the right to determine the terms of cooperation with the captured Moroccans, and he showed great leniency.
Henry spent the last years of his life in his castle, surrounded by students. Henry the Navigator died on November 13, 1460, in the same place.
Heritage
Despite the fact that Henry did not set himself the task of making discoveries important for geography and history, and his only goal was to make a profit for Portugal, his expeditions made a huge contribution to world science. Most of his research was unprofitable for Portugal, and only the colonization of Madeira became a triumph for the country. However, no matter what goals Henry the Navigator pursued during his travels, he made a lot of great discoveries, even if this was not part of his plans. Henry the Navigator is considered a legendary historical figure and one of the most famous travelers in history.
Life story
Henry (Enrique) the Navigator - Portuguese prince, nicknamed the Navigator. For 40 years, he equipped and sent numerous naval expeditions to explore the Atlantic coasts of Africa, creating the preconditions for the formation of a powerful colonial empire of Portugal. Born March 4, 1394 in Porto. Third son of King Joan I (founder of the Avis dynasty) and his wife Philippa of Lancaster (daughter of John of Gaunt).
In 1415, Prince Henry and his father took part in a military campaign, which resulted in the capture of the Moorish fortress of Ceuta, located on the African coast of Gibraltar. There he learned that caravans loaded with gold, coming from the Niger River valley, were crossing the Sahara, but decided that Portugal should look for sea routes to the gold-bearing lands of Guinea. Thus began (from 1416) a long and well-organized campaign of sea expeditions. The ships moved along the African continent and returned to Portugal, using a wide belt of favorable winds and coastal currents. One of the results of these expeditions was the discovery of Madeira (1418–1419) and the Azores (1427–1431).
The island of Madeira, located 900 km southwest of Portugal, became the first Portuguese colony. On his lands they began to grow sugar cane and planted vineyards.
The exploration of Africa itself was fraught with great difficulties, for example, Cape Bojador in the south of the Canary Islands posed a huge danger for navigation. But the southern route to the tropical lands of Africa was finally opened - in 1434 Gilles Ianish rounded the cape.
Henry was greatly influenced by his brother Prince Pedro, the king's second son. In 1418–1428 he visited many of the royal courts of Europe. Pedro later arrived in Venice, where he observed with interest the trade of the Venetians with the eastern countries and where he was presented with the manuscript of the Book of Marco Polo. After reading the manuscript, Henry suggested that the captains of his ships collect information about the sea route to India, as well as about the African Christian country of Ethiopia. He hoped to reach this land by bypassing the Muslim countries from the southeast. His brother Pedro also supported him in this.
After his second campaign in Ceuta (1418), Henry established his residence in the Algarve, the southernmost province of Portugal, where the secure bay of Lagos was located. In 1443, Henry received Sagrish, the southwestern point of Portugal at Cape São Vicente, or, as it was then called, the “Sacred Cape,” at his disposal. There, at the expense of the Portuguese spiritual-knightly Order of Christ, of which he was the head, the prince founded an observatory and a nautical school. Called Villa do Infante, it became a center of attraction for prominent scientists, cartographers and astronomers of the time.
Henry's life was a chain of personal tragedies. In 1437, together with his younger brother Ferdinand, he took part in an unsuccessful expedition to Tangier; Ferdinand was captured by the Moors and imprisoned, where he died because Henry failed to ransom him. After this, his elder brother King Duarte died in 1438. The middle brother Pedro became regent, but, having begun a fight against the pretender to the throne Alfonso V, was killed at Alfarrobeira in 1449.
All these events led to the fact that expeditions were organized sporadically by Henry, and long intervals appeared in their schedule. However, in 1444 Henry's captains discovered the Senegal River, and two years later they reached the Geba River in Sierra Leone. During Henry's lifetime, the Portuguese were unable to advance south of this point. In 1455 and 1456 the Venetian Alvise da Cadamosto, the most famous of Henry's skippers, sailed up the Gambia River in Gambia, and the following year discovered the coast of the Cape Verde Islands. At this time, a massive trade in African slaves began, the center of which was located in Argen, near Cabo Blanco. Henry encouraged the slave trade, and considered the act of baptizing slaves as a way to save their souls. The prince's expeditions began to generate income and in the eyes of the Portuguese nobles and merchants, Henry turned into a national hero.
Henry spent his last years in almost complete solitude in Sagrish, surrounded only by members of his “university,” although in 1458 he accompanied a successful expedition to Tangier and further south to Arquila. He then returned to Sagrish on the "Sacred Cape", where he died on November 13, 1460.
When people talk about the era of great geographical discoveries, his name is the last to be remembered. Although, thanks to the efforts of this particular romantic of long voyages and fanatical crusader warrior, Portugal began the colonial conquest of Africa, and black slaves were brought to Europe for the first time. But the organizer of these trips himself went to sea only three times in his entire life and no further than 200 miles. And yet the Portuguese Prince Henry deservedly bore the proud nickname “navigator”.
Infante Henry or Henrique, born in 1394, was the son of the Portuguese king John I and Philippa of Lancaster, who brought the traditions of British chivalry to the country. Enrique and his brothers were taught the seven knightly virtues - writing poetry, horse riding, fencing, playing checkers, hunting and swimming, but most of all the young man was interested in mastering a spear, although he did not neglect the study of natural sciences and theology. Chivalry as a military and religious service determined Henry's entire subsequent life. At the age of 21, he initiated the capture of a Moorish fortress in northern Africa.
Only 150 miles - such was the length of the first sea voyage, the future inspiration for the naval conquests of Portugal.
The king entrusted the defense of Ceuta, a new Portuguese outpost on the African coast, to Infante Henry. To achieve this, part of the treasury's income came under the complete and uncontrolled control of the prince, and after 5 years the prince became the Grand Master of the Order of the Cross.
Now enormous power was concentrated in the hands of the navigator: spiritual, military and financial. And Prince Henry used this power in the best way for Portugal. From freed Christian slaves, he learned about caravans that transported gold across the African desert from the coast of Guinea to the Muslim ports of the Mediterranean. The prince, knowledgeable in geography, decided that Guinea could be reached by sea, then the treasures taken from the infidels could be taken to Lisbon. In addition, by bypassing Muslim territories from the south, you can reach Christian Ethiopia and begin profitable trade with it, and then reach India itself by sea.
The Infante’s aggressive plans were also mixed with scientific curiosity, supported by accurate geographical maps found in Ceuta. And when Henry’s brother Prince Pedro brought from Venice the manuscript of the already famous traveler Marco Polo, the Infant firmly decided that the lands lay south of Ceuta.
Prince Henry began organizing sea expeditions to the northwestern shores of Africa. At the insistence of the prince, astronomy and mathematics were included in the program of the University of Lisbon in 1431. In 1438, near Cape Saint Vincent in the fortress of Sagres, Prince Henry organized the observatory and nautical school of the Villa de Infante. Prominent scientists, astronomers, cartographers and navigators from all over Europe were invited there, and the navigator prince participated in discussions along with the scientists. The school accepted all worthy people regardless of class, religious and ethnic differences, which was unusual for Catholic Portugal in the 15th century.
Through the efforts of the prince, the nautical school of Villa de Infanta became the first scientific center in European history. The fortress still preserves a huge 43-meter diameter wind rose - a diagram of long-term observations of the direction and strength of the wind. Inspired by the support of the prince, the captains of the Portuguese caravels discovered the island of Madeira in 1418. At the same time, the navigator began to explore new lands and soon the first settlers appeared in Madeira, and wine began to be delivered to the Metropolis - rare in quality even for wine-producing Portugal.
Then, for decades, Henry stubbornly equipped sea expeditions to the Canary Islands, but the captains could not get past the underwater rocks at Cape Bojador. Sailing ships were hit by holes on the ill-fated cape, where dragons were believed to be found at that time, and sank.
But in 1434, having rounded it from the open ocean, one of the captains opened the way to West Africa, and Henry received the honorary title of “navigator”.
But why did Henry the Navigator himself never set off on long-distance sea expeditions?
It was believed that the prince was afraid of pirates or that he considered it offensive for a person of royal blood to be among the sailors, but most likely the prince considered his main business to analyze the captains' reports, separate truth from fiction and equip new sea voyages. The romantic of distant travels, Henry the Navigator, deliberately closed the sea to himself.
Henry the Navigator never married. Reserved and gloomy, he believed himself responsible for the death of his younger brother Ferdinand, who was captured by the Moors during their unsuccessful naval expedition to Tangier in 1437.
Henry spent his last years in Sagrish, surrounded by students from his nautical school. Two years before his death, he briefly went to sea for the third time.
Henry the Navigator died on November 13, 1460.
His work was continued by the famous Portuguese sailors Bartolomeo Dias, Vasco da Gamma and the greatest of the Infante's followers, Ferdinand Magellan. They owe their achievements to the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator - the man on the coat of arms who was inscribed: “Talent for good deeds.”
Infante Enrique received from his father the title of Duke of Viseu, then ruler of the Algarve, and became Grand Master of the Order of Christ in 1420. Having settled in 1436 in Lagos, near Cape Sagrish, he united around himself sailors, mathematicians, geographers, astrologers, traders and doctors, became interested in the development of navigation, shipbuilding and began to conduct research expeditions along the African coast. Under his leadership, the island of Madeira was settled, then the Azores, the Portuguese reached Cape Bogador (1434), Cape Verde (1444) and Sierra Leone (1460). An exemplary ruler of the Renaissance, Enrique was not alien to the ideas of crusades against Muslims, making profits and the joy of knowledge.
Ryukua A. Medieval Spain / Adeline Ryukua. – M., Veche, 2014, p. 378-379.
Henry the Navigator (Dom Enrique o Navegador) (March 1394 - 13. XI. 1460) - Portuguese prince, inspirer and organizer of Portuguese overseas expansion. With the support of influential merchants of coastal cities, he organized a number of expeditions to the northwestern shores Africa and into the waters of the Central Atlantic. During these expeditions, the island of Madeira (1420) and the Azores (1432) were discovered and the gradual advance of Portuguese sailors along the Mauritanian and Senegalese coasts began. For the development and exploitation of newly discovered territories, Henry the Navigator created the Order of Christ, modeled on spiritual knightly orders. Henry the Navigator developed a program of colonial conquests, according to which in the 30s and 40s of the 15th century, Portuguese sailors advanced from Cape Bojador to the coast of Guinea and discovered the Cape Verde Islands (1456). On the initiative of Henry the Navigator, the export of African slaves to Portugal began (in 1441). Under Henry the Navigator, about 3,500 km of the West African coast were discovered and mapped. In the last years of his life, Henry the Navigator developed plans for new expeditions, the purpose of which was to establish a through sea route to India.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 4. THE HAGUE - DVIN. 1963.
Henry the Navigator, Enrique (Dom Hen-rique o Navegador) (1394–1460), Portuguese prince - son of King John I of Aviz, head (master) of the Christian order, organizer of numerous sea expeditions to explore the western coast of Africa and part of the Atlantic. In 1420, with funds from the order, he founded an observatory and a nautical school in Sagrish (Portugal) and for 40 years sent ships in the South in search of gold, slaves, a sea route to India and the African Christian country of “Prester John”. The most significant geographical discoveries made by his envoys (he himself did not sail) were the discovery of the Madeira archipelago (1419–1420), as well as the islands of the Azores (1427–1459) and Cape Verde (1456–1460). The prince's captains examined and mapped 3,600 km of the African coast - from Gibraltar to 11° N. sh., examined the lower navigable sections of a number of rivers, including Senegal and Gambia. Henry the Navigator (he received this nickname in the 19th century) played a huge role in the history of Portugal. Thanks to him, the country trained many experienced sailors, and its merchant fleet became the first in Europe. Under him, the massive trade in African slaves, the training of dogs to catch people, and the exploitation of the first (island) Portuguese colonies began. The founder of navigation science in Portugal, the initiator of systematic expeditions, who dreamed of opening a sea route to India, Henry did no less to explore the Earth than many sailors and travelers who risked their lives.
Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Geography. Rosman-Press, M., 2006.
Read further:
Iberian States, after the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Muslims and before the formation of a unified Spanish state, this term refers to the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon, Leon and Castile, Spain.
Historical persons of Spain (name index).
Literature:
Magidovich I.P., Essays on the history of geogr. discoveries, M., 1957;
Sanceau E., Henry the Navigator..., N. Y., 1947.