Definition
Speech is a set of pronounced or perceived sounds that have the same meaning and the same meaning as the corresponding system of written signs.Speech is one of the types of human communicative activity, the use of language means to communicate with other members of the linguistic community. Speech is understood as the process of speaking (speech activity) and its result (speech works recorded by memory or writing).
The essence of the process
Thanks to speech as a means of communication, the individual consciousness of a person, not limited to personal experience, is generalized by the experience of other people, and to a much greater extent than observation and other processes of non-speech, direct cognition carried out through the senses: perception, attention, imagination, memory can allow. and thinking.Through speech, the psychology and experience of one person become available to other people, enrich them, contribute to their development.
Classification
Speech is a polymorphic activity - in its various functional meanings, it is presented in different forms: external, internal, monologue, dialogue, written, oral, etc.External is a means of communication;
Internal is a means of thinking;
Written - one of the ways to memorize information;
Dialogue is a two-way exchange of information;
Monologue is a process of reasoning;
Process development
The first word of the child is in its meaning as a whole phrase. What an adult would express in a detailed sentence, the child conveys in one word. With the development of thinking, all forms of human speech develop.With the help of speech, students study educational material, communicate, influence each other and influence themselves in the process of self-hypnosis.
The more actively the learners improve oral, written and other types of speech. They replenish their vocabulary, the higher the level of their cognitive abilities and culture.
Refers to "On Systemic Neurophysiology"The article discusses the concept of "speech", the mechanisms of the psyche, which are manifested in the form of speech, the issues of the uniqueness and necessity of certain forms of speech in animals.
First, we form the most common understanding of the concept of the word "speech" in dictionaries.
Speech Generalpsychology
1) a form of communication mediated by language; 2) the activity of the speaker, using the language to interact with other members of the language community.
Speech TSB
speech activity, communication mediated by language, one of the types of communicative (see. Communication) human activity.
Speech Etymological Dictionary
Derivative - with mutation e/ē ; ē > ě > e- from * rekti"to speak", cf. outdated. speech, the river, dial. speeches, ukr. recti, Latvian rèkt"speak loudly, roar", Tocharsk. B reki"speech, word", lat. raccare"scream like a tiger" (all onomatopoeic origin). Obviously the same root as growl 1, see. The original meaning of the verb is "roar, scream" (about animals).
Speech Wikipedia
a historically established form of communication between people through linguistic structures created on the basis of certain rules ... The process of speech involves, on the one hand, the formation and formulation of thoughts by linguistic (speech) means, and on the other hand, the perception of linguistic structures and their understanding ... Speech is an essential element of human activity that allows a person to learn about the world around him, to transfer his knowledge and experience to other people, to accumulate them for transmission to subsequent generations.
Depending on the form of communication, speech activity is divided into oral(implying speaking and hearing) and written (letter and reading).
In the most commonly understood meaning, speech is a way of communication in society using language (a system of conventions for conveying information, i.e. a system of symbols - signs that symbolize something). By the type of medium, the language of words, the language of technical symbols and the language of programs (for communicating with machines), the language of gestures and facial expressions, the language of conventional signs (broken twigs, knots on a thread, forms of fire smoke, alternating light), the language of dance can be used to convey messages and any others - without any restrictions on the nature of the bearer of formalized information.
In conditions of impossibility of one of the forms of speech, others can be used: gestures, light signals, smoke signals or any other carriers of conventionally formalized (decorated with symbols) concepts, familiar to both the transmitting and receiving sides. This completely unambiguously makes it possible to exclude from the concept of speech the obligatory oral-speech or written-speech form, i.e. speech does not depend on the essence of its carrier... Only a conditional agreement is important, a mutual understanding of the meaning of the transmitted element of speech.
Whenever an individual (not necessarily human :) has a need to somehow influence another individual, and life experience suggests which signals that individual is most likely to be able to respond to in the desired way, then these signals are used, and not necessarily - in the form of words.
On the other hand, whenever an individual wants to receive information about the properties and intentions of another individual, it also, referring to the experience of the experience, uses all those observable signs that sufficiently and in the required quality symbolize another individual. And words in this case are sometimes far from what gives the most important information.
In both cases, when meeting and communicating, there is an exchange of informative signs, or rather their general combination, and only some of them are deliberately demonstrated. It is these characteristics that make up speech.
In nature, the role of a carrier, which has a certain meaning in understanding an individual when transferring it from another individual, can do anything: from a warning coloring to just the height of an individual (ostriches regulate the leadership hierarchy by the height of an extended neck). What can be called speech does not have a sharp border with something that essentially performs the same communicative function, but in the generally accepted view is not speech. We can say that speech - everything for the transmission of information in society, which is used by individuals consciously... This definition is already quite strict, given that the concept of "consciousness" on this site is quite unambiguously defined in the article Consciousness :) consciousness- a hierarchy of mechanisms, from the evolutionary simplest to the most complex creative, to find the optimal (desired) behavior in new conditions, in actual moments of perception and fixing the results in the form of behavioral automatisms.
But all attempts to give an accurate definition of what was formed in the perception of society not on the basis of understanding the mechanisms, but on the basis of their externally observable manifestation, turn out to be untenable :) therefore the definition of the concept of "speech" given here is very conditional and is not even necessary for understanding which is what this article is about. It turns out that there is also "inner speech" and transitional stages, and in general it is impossible to draw clear boundaries in the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, which will become clear later.
Let us agree to call in this article speech - a conscious (but not always and far from completely) process of using those symbols of communication that are capable of satisfactorily influencing the desired direction. This is a process of formalizing what is desired, through associations with well-known symbols of communication, which is formed even in a child who wants something from his parents. These symbols of communication are not always words. Most often, oral speech is accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, intonation and many other ways of conveying information that may not be realized by those to whom it is intended. In human culture, there are many qualitatively different systems of such symbols, for example, Ethical symbols of communication.
The development of speech as a necessity for social communication is well traced and studied in the observations of the development of children. From an article by a specialist in the development of speech in children Speech in children, here are the main stages:
In the first half of the first year of lifethe baby still does not understand the meaning of what is being told to him, but he reacts in a special way to the rhythmic and melodic sounds of a person's voice, and in the second half of the first year of life, he selects the sound of speech from all the vocal influences of an adult. The baby is very sensitive to the intonation with which the adult addresses him, to the facial expressions that accompany the utterance.
The child begins to react to words very early. At 3 weeks, he focuses on the adult's voice. On the 2nd month. life stops screaming under the influence of a conversation with him, focusing on the face of an adult.
In the second half of the first year of lifethe child establishes a connection between a word and an object or action,
At 7-8 months. turns to the subject in response to an adult's question "where?" the child already finds several familiar objects, regardless of their location. At about 9-10 months. the baby understands basic tasks ("give mom a spoon", etc.)
10-11 months the child chooses objects at the verbal direction of an adult.
In the first year, the prerequisites for the hearing arise. The kid focuses not only on the speech of an adult addressed to him, but also on songs and small poems.
The development of active speech is also included in communication with adults. For 3 months life, the baby reacts to the words of an adult with laughter and sounds. Hooting appears (2-4 months). About 4 months humming is replaced by hum. The kid pronounces high melodious sounds. For 4 months. the kid echoes with the adult at a distance. An important acquisition is that the sounds are pronounced under the control of hearing. Their pronunciation becomes an independent activity.
For 5-6 months the child pronounces various sounds, accompanying them with movements to attract attention from the adult, to "express" his desires to him.
After 6 months. babbling appears in the infant's speech - syllables and sounds, which are interspersed with laughter and are accompanied by movements. With the help of babbling, the baby expresses his requirements (uncle, uncle, and reaches for the plate).
After 10 months. in the speech of the baby, you can hear words or scraps of words ("not", "am"). This is how the child responds to his understanding of the adult's statement. Such speech arises as a response to an adult's proposal and consists of three components:
gestures, facial expressions, sounds.
This is not yet speech itself. The child babbles a lot outside of communication with an adult. Babbling is an independent form of a child's activity, a pre-speech means of communication and a way of expressing emotions. Pronouncing sounds, the baby is based on imitation and self-imitation. Imitation acts as a mechanism for the development of speech. The child pays attention to the articulation of the adult, repeats new sounds and words after him. By the end of the first year, from 4 to 20 words are included in the child's active speech, which denote the names of persons and objects. Words acquire a substantive reference, creating the basis for the child's mastering of their meanings. The proactive use of meaningful words is developing.
The desire to communicate prompts the child to "seek" a new means of communication, which becomes speech.
... In the second half of the second year of life, the word refers to a group of similar objects , regardless of some external differences. The rapid development of objective activity after a year and a half leads to the appearance in the child's speech of verbs associated with the action and expression of requirements.
Around the age of 2, the child asks numerous questions about the names of objects, which leads to an abrupt increase in the active vocabulary.
...At the age of 1-3 years, speech attention is intensively formed, the ability to focus not only on the sound side of speech, but also on its content and worry about what was heard.
At the age of 2-3 years, the child begins to display what he perceives around him I, thus there is a descriptive speech, the Kid begins to reproduce the songs he heard, fairy tales, rhymes, nursery rhymes and jokes. Speech is included in the game, reflecting life situations.
At the preschool age, a qualitatively new stage of mastering speech begins. The motive for actively mastering the native language is the growing needs of the preschooler to learn, tell and influence oneself and another person. Speech breaks away from a specific situation, loses situational awareness, turning into a universal means of communication.
This text clearly shows how the development of speech repeats the development of communication skills of the type: first, non-verbal communication symbols are used, words are perceived as one of them, i.e. these are not words yet, but symbolic sounds. Then, the meaning of individual words and their interrelationships begins to be recognized, more and more refined by experience. More and more complex verbal coding of transmitted information is being developed. At the same time, other forms of communication continue to develop as well. Everything corresponds to the main phases of individual development.
This purely psychological description should be supplemented with an understanding of the mechanisms corresponding to the observed manifestations, which were briefly described above. Briefly because speech does not represent some fundamentally new mechanism of the brain in the organization of the psyche, which was discussed in sufficient detail in the articles to which references were given here.
There is another observable phenomenon that helps to understand what forms speech. In addition to externally manifested speech, there is "internal speech" or "speech for oneself", which Vygotsky intensively studied by the method of involuntary expression of it, often - in moments of difficulty thinking I when we forget about others. Compared to "external" speech, it is not aware of (but in the chains of sequential excitement) everything that "I already know", such speech becomes abbreviated and intermittent due to fragmentary touches of consciousness only in the most critical phases of thinking automatisms.
Thinking is available to us for introspection due to the connection of consciousness to the current phase ( great importance novelty and significance) of automatically unfolding chains of effector programs for switching attention (for details, see Consciousness and the Essence of Consciousness). They usually almost do not include the links of the effector s of externally observed manifestations of action. But if verbal images are involved, somehow connected with such actions, then thinking can affect the speech apparatus and become observable from the outside - thinking aloud.
As already noted, and this is very important for understanding, thinking in the form of inner speech manifests itself in moments of difficulty: when in unconscious mental automatism it has come to the point of shifting attention to something that is of great novelty with high significance - it is still bad or not at all researched from personal experience. The system of finding the best, with the desired result, variant of behavior (thinking is internal behavior) - consciousness, is connected to this phase of highlighting attention.
From the article On the question of inner speech:
The general conclusion from various studies is that when intellectual activity does not encounter difficulties, then neither introspection nor registration of the state of speech-motor organs reveal the participation of speech in the process of thinking.
As in all stages, the action in “external speech to oneself” is mastered from different sides: on different material, in different speech expressions, with different completeness of the operations that make up the action. Gradually, a person moves to more and more abbreviated forms of action and, finally, to its most abbreviated form - to action according to a formula, when the action remains, in fact, only the transition from the initial data to the result known from past experience.
In such conditions, a natural stereotyping of action sets in, and with it its rapid automation. The latter, in turn, leads to the postponement of action to the periphery of consciousness, and then beyond its boundaries.
The automation process does not immediately capture the entire composition of the speech action, and even then, when this process is over, the action occurs in the described way only under the condition that its application to a new task does not encounter obstacles. If they arise, then the orienting reflex, attention switches to difficulty and this causes the transition of the action to a simpler and earlier level in this area ...
Proceeding from this understanding, the most effective thinking, which means that it corresponds to a very high degree to what is well known, manifests itself almost without touching with consciousness, i.e. occurs mainly unconsciously with a rare accompaniment of some phases of automatisms by consciousness: the very effect called by psychologists "I already know." A well-balanced life experience is characterized by the absence of pronounced inner speech, perceived chains of thought. The result appears as if from nowhere in an already well-formed form. Separate studies of this phenomenon are reflected in articles like Unconscious decisions are the most correct ones. The phenomenon of intuition is explained precisely by this.
Of course, outside of real use, there is no way to assess the adequacy of the reality of such a result. The previous experience could be obtained exclusively subjectively, by "reflections" until such time as subjectively acceptable automatisms are developed. Some activities without constant correction of assumptions with what it actually gives in reality, for example, engaging in philosophy, rhetoric, psychedelia and other limited only subjective pursuits, accumulate inadequacies so much that it leads to acute conflicts that can no longer be corrected from - because their foundations have long been at the level of unconscious automatisms (see Dependent states).
Any forms of social sociability in any animals that have a personal system of adaptive behavior for developing automatisms from a new one with the help of cognitive mechanisms give rise to both communicative (used in communication between individuals of society) and individual forms of symbolic images (images that simply replace more complex ones) ... And there is no fundamental difference in functionality between them. The most popular and developed form is the form that gives this species a greater potential for survival in these conditions.
If suddenly humanity is forced to move to caves without light sources, then the role of visual symbols will decrease to the limit. If external conditions impede the transmission of sounds, oral speech will disappear. If there is neither one nor the other, a new form of sociability will begin to be developed and become effective in the form of touches, smells or something else, just as it happened in ants (- without awareness - it means not speech :), in moles, etc. P.
A small summary.
Among all the forms of transferring information from one subject to another, "words" do not have any particular fundamental difference and importance. Usually, "words" mean several such forms: audio transmission in the form of oral speech, written transmission in the form of graphic symbols-words, gestures are added for the deaf and dumb, Morse code for signalmen earlier, etc. There is no clear boundary between these forms and others.
The expressive sound "aaa .." can convey a lot, although I don't really want to call it a word.
You can convey an unusually much expressive look without words at all (sometimes this is everything :).
When there is no possibility or meaning (not knowledge of the language) to speak words, we use another method, for example, gestures. We can live in a foreign country, more and more adapting to communication and already mastering verbal forms.
Some animals communicate by changing color, others - by smells in certain conditions and combinations with the environment. This is not important.
When a person first sees another, he instantly develops an opinion about him without any words, and this opinion turns out to be very stable.
Between people, during the most lively conversation in words, only about 5% of the information is transmitted by words. When talking on the phone - about 15% - due to intonation, tempo, breathing, placement of the meaning of new accents and other non-verbal forms (these are very approximate numbers that depend on the communicator and the conditions of communication).
Words are what is noticed in the first place and therefore they are unwittingly given great importance. It is indeed considerable. But no more fundamentally necessary than any other means of communication - direct and indirect in a given society.
All higher animals have complex communication systems in a society of not only a given species, but also an interspecific society. What we convey through words, birds convey through songs. There are peoples whose melodious communication is very pronounced. Each species of higher animals has developed its own most convenient and effective communication system, among which the sound system is not the most informative (including in humans it is not the most informative).
In society, everything that comes from one subject and is available for observation (perceived or not) by another subject constitutes forms of communication, and there is no reason to single out words among them as special ones. Even in terms of transmitting and preserving information among people, the words of everyday language do not occupy the most significant place (different people and their social role are different). If earlier the role of saved communication symbols, in addition to everyday words, was played by music, paintings, sculptures, poems (these are no longer just words), various products, today, in addition to this, many specialized languages have appeared: programming, data storage formats, terms and symbols subject areas of knowledge.
Verbal speech is conventionally distinguished as some (verbal) from many other forms of more or less conscious communication methods, which, when transmitting a message, are triggered from separate phases of chains of mental automatisms, including communicative effector automatisms that control the organs of speech, and when receiving a message, in the case of recognition, the recognizers of the symbolic meanings of the known features with the associated meaning (significance in the given conditions) are excited.
a form of communication that has developed historically in the course of the material transforming activity of people, mediated by language - through linguistic structures created on the basis of certain rules. Language in action.
The rules of linguistic construction have ethnospecific features expressed in the system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and rules of communication in a given language.
In speech, external, sensory, and also internal semantic aspects are presented. Each communication partner draws their content from signals and signs. Otherwise, in the course of speech communication, continuous coding and decoding of information occurs. Speech contains the processes of generating and perceiving messages for the purposes of communication or, in a particular case, for the purposes of regulation and control of one's own activity (internal speech, egocentric speech).
Most Russian psychologists consider speech as a speech activity, acting either as an integral act of activity (if it has a specific motivation that is not realized by other types of activity), or as speech actions included in non-speech activity. The structure of speech activity or speech action, in principle, coincides with the structure of any action - it contains the phases of orientation, planning (in the form of " internal programming"), implementation and control.
Speech can be active, constructed anew each time, and reactive - a chain of dynamic speech stereotypes. In the conditions of spontaneous speech, oral conscious choice and assessment of the linguistic means used in it are minimized, while in written speech and in prepared speech, oral takes a significant place.
Various types of speech are built according to specific patterns: for example, colloquial speech allows significant deviations from the grammatical system of the language; a special place is occupied by logical and even more artistic speech.
Almost all animal species have ways of transmitting information through which you can communicate a danger, attract the attention of a potential mate, or prohibit entry into their territory. But these signals are always associated with a certain momentary situation. Apparently, no animal other than humans is capable of transmitting information that is not relevant to the current moment.
SPEECH
Historically established form of communication between people through language. There are complex dialectical relationships between R. and language: R. is carried out according to the rules of language and, at the same time, under the influence of a number of factors (the requirements of social practice, the development of science, etc.), it changes and improves the language. R. is the main mechanism of thinking. Formation of consciousness is impossible outside R. Distinguish between oral and written R. R.'s main functions are communicative (implementation of the communication process); R. as a means of expression and education, development of thoughts; significative or nominative (designation of objects, phenomena, actions, living beings, etc.).
In oral R., a distinction is also made between R. monologic and dialogical. R. monologue is more developed and meets more complex semantic and grammatical requirements. Usually, in diseases that occur with the disintegration of R., monologic R. reveals its inadequacy earlier than dialogical.
R. AUTOMATED. Reproduction of verbal blocks, series, well-memorized in the past life experience (passport data, sequential enumeration of numerical series, days of the week, months, reproduction of verse passages learned in childhood or repeated many times over, etc.). It remains intact for a relatively long time in the process of speech decay. To identify the disorders of R. and. the instruction to the patient must contain elements of its disautomation (listing the indicated rows in reverse order, etc.).
R. INTERNAL. A form of speech that participates in the processes of thinking and consciousness, but is not intended for direct communication. R.v., according to S.L. Rubinstein, - this is "speech minus sound", it is not accompanied by the pronunciation of sounds. R.v. is a direct expression of the processes of thinking, it has a fragmentary, concise character. It often omits self-evident concepts. Thought is reproduced in R.v. "dotted line", thesis, but in oral communication, intended for communication, it takes on a complete, verbally completed form. Experimental techniques have been developed to determine the degree of preservation of the RV, for example, to count the number of syllables in a given word.
R. FREQUENCY. It is characterized by the use of words that are not quite adequate in a given semantic situation, deliberate intonational underlining of individual words and expressions, sometimes indicating their unusual meaning, ornate turns. Little-known and not quite suitable words are often used in speech. The selection of words for a statement is often carried out in accordance with their other meaning, which is not very suitable for the present situation (see Pathological polysemantism). Accompanied by pretentious, campy facial expressions. It is observed in schizophrenia, sometimes in hysteria. See mannerism.
Sin .: mannered speech.
R. MIRROR. Pronunciation and reading of words and sentences in reverse order, from the end. It is observed in schizophrenia (over a usually short period), in the structure of obsessions, with some organic brain lesions. Wed: mirror letter.
R. IMPRESSIVE (Latin impressio - expressive impression). One of the sides of verbal communication is the perception and understanding of speech addressed to the patient, oral or written. Suffers from sensory aphasia and alexia.
Syn .: R. sensory.
R. MIMIKO-GISTICULATING. Communication between people based on a system of gestures and facial movements. Used by the deaf and dumb.
Syn .: R. sign.
R. MONOTONE. Violation of speech, characterized by the insignificance of the intonation of words and syllables. It is observed with organic brain lesions (parkinsonism). Sometimes it is noted in practically healthy people.
R. CIRCUMSTANCED. Violation of speech, manifested by a slowdown in its pace, the phenomena of bradylogy, excessive detail, a tendency to detail, viscosity, getting stuck in circumstances that are insignificant in meaning. The goal of the utterance and the speech task are preserved, but the path to them slows down significantly. Typical for epilepsy.
R. OLIGOPHASIC (Greek oligos - small, phasis - speech). Violation of speech, in which there is a depletion of speech stock, impoverishment, reduction of grammatical structure, intonation monotony. It is most typical for epilepsy (see Oligophasia), its manifestations are observed in organic brain lesions with elements of amnestic aphasia (in some post-stroke conditions, in the initial stage of Pick's disease and, especially, Alzheimer's).
R. PARADOX. Violation of speech, in which statements opposite in meaning coexist in it. It is observed in schizophrenia, sometimes in severe manic states with a violation of the logical structure of thinking.
R. PERSEVERATORNAYA (lat. Persevero - to persevere, to continue). Violation of speech, in which the patient repeats the same word or speech circulation many times, although the speech situation has already changed and does not correspond to speech manifestations. It differs from speech stereotypes, which do not originate from some adequate impulse of speech activity and exist on their own, while speech perseverations are stuck on initially, to some extent, conditioned speech production. After a break in speech activity, perseverations of a different content may appear, and speech stereotypes in this regard are distinguished by autochthonousness. See Perseveration, Perseverative Thinking.
R. PUERILNAYA (lat. Puerilis - for children) Reminds children - burr, lisp, childish distortion of words, often the patient speaks of himself in the third person. It is combined with childishness of actions, behavioral reactions. Most often observed with hysterical psychosis, sometimes with hysterical reactions, with organic lesions of the brain.
R. RHYMED. Speech disorder in which the tendency to rhyme words prevails. Most often, these are low-level rhymes, by consonance, they are used to the detriment of meaning. It is observed in states of manic and catatonic excitement, often in epilepsy in combination with sweetness.
R. SCANDED. Violation of speech, which is characterized by bradilalia, words are clearly divided into syllables ("chopped"). R. is stiff, sometimes with chanting intonations. It is observed with damage to the cerebellum (multiple sclerosis).
R. SWEET. Violation of speech, which is a manifestation of the defensive component of the epileptic proportion of temperament. Patients speak smoothly, flatteringly, corny, often use diminutive suffixes, stereotyped laudatory phrases. Most typical for epilepsy, it is also observed sometimes in psychopathic personalities, mainly in epileptoids.
R. EXPLOSIVE (Latin explodo - to spew with noise). Irregular speech, in which, against the background of delays and stretching of sounds and words, peculiar verbal "emissions" occur, characterized by abrupt acceleration, involuntarily forced loudness of sounds (observed with damage to the cerebellar hemispheres).
R. EXPRESSIVE (lat. Expressio - expressiveness). One of the sides of verbal communication, manifested in the spontaneous expression of their thoughts, feelings, desires, in the pronunciation of words and phrases. Suffers from motor aphasia and agraphia.
Specificity. The rules of linguistic construction have ethnospecific features, which are expressed in the system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and rules of communication in a given language. Speech is closely integrated with all human mental processes.
SPEECH
1. Following Erickson, we believe that ordinary speech can be a subtle and effective working tool. In our approach, this has certain advantages:
Simple speech that the patient understands, or, even better, speech that is characteristic of the patient himself, undoubtedly allows you to establish the best psychological connection with him (Watzlawick, 1978/1980);
According to our hypothesis, hypnosis and psychotherapy are the business of the patient himself. We only give him the opportunity to do this work. The patient can act effectively only using his inherent speech (Erickson, 1983/1986);
We note that only a simple language can serve as a common denominator for existing scientific languages. For us, this is an opportunity for a broad and somewhat multidisciplinary view of the problem, which does not exclude the possibility of continuing research within the framework of other schools that bring their own conceptual values.
2. Erickson uses primarily the vernacular or the language of childhood "to get to the depths of the sources hidden in the souls of patients." He looks for "mythopoetic" devices (not based on any concepts), such as analogy, metaphor, riddles, jokes and all kinds of games on the verbal and figurative levels. By interacting in this way, it provides an opportunity to transcend or complement familiar reference frames (Erickson & Rossi, 1979).
3. Non-verbal language is an integral part of the therapist's toolbox (Erickson, 1983/1986).
Speech
The form of communication that has developed historically in the process of people's activity, mediated by language (see), reflects the principles of thinking. Distinguish between expressive (oral and written) speech and impressive speech - understanding of oral, written and any other form of speech. At the suggestion of the English neurologist Jackson (J. Jackson, 1835-1911), external and internal speech are distinguished. The external serves to communicate between people through the reproduction of sounds, writing or gestures. Internal is unspoken and unwritten speech, speech to oneself. Inner speech can be shortened, condensed, or expanded. Sometimes speech to oneself turns into sounded, external speech. This happens, in particular, in autistic children - the so-called egocentric speech, and in some forms of mental illness: in cerebral atherosclerosis, etc.
SPEECH
a means of communication that has developed historically in the process of material transforming activities of people, mediated by language. R.'s production (speech activity) is provided by coordinated movements of the organs of the speech apparatus
SPEECH
a historically developed form of communication between people through language. In human life, R. performs several functions: 1) communicative (the implementation of the process of communication between people); 2) significative (from lat. Significatio - designation; designation of real objects and their properties, actions, connections); 3) generalizing (the expression of the relationship of R. with thinking), etc. In addition, R. also affects the processes occurring in the body of the speaker (regulation and control of his own activity) or the listener. In the activity of the operator, the signal function of R can also be distinguished: machine control signals, operator status signals, warning signals, etc. (see Speech signal). In psychology, two forms of speech are distinguished: external and internal. External, in turn, can be oral, written, sign. R. pays great attention to the course of various mental processes. Thinking is impossible without R., especially its highest form — abstract conceptual thinking. By engaging in the process of perception, it makes it more generalized and differentiated; verbalization of memorized material contributes to the meaningfulness of memorization and reproduction; representations and images of reality are caused by the word and are closely related to it; R. is one of the regulators of human activity, etc. Russian psychology R. is often viewed as a special speech activity, acting either in the form of a holistic act of activity (if it has a specific motivation that is not realized by other types of activity), or in the form of a speech action included in non-speech activity. The structure of a speech action coincides with the structure of any other action and includes the phases of orientation, planning, implementation and control. Knowledge of the basic characteristics of a speech is necessary when creating a system of speech communication, including technical communication systems. The most important task in this case is to determine the required dynamic range. When determining it, it is necessary to take into account the main characteristics of R .: 1) root-mean-square sound pressure (55 - 57 dB with a normal voice and up to 110 dB with a shout); 2) changes in the pressure level between different sounds (about 30 dB between the strongest and weakest sounds); 3) a change in the pressure level between the speech minimum and the peak instantaneous pressure (approximately 40 dB at a given level of vocal effort); 4) change in the level of R. in different people (approximately 20 dB with normal vocal effort). In addition, for effective speech perception, the correct organization of the speech message is necessary.
"And how the speech speaks, Like a river babbling ..."
Any person is a kind of world - with his feelings, knowledge and ideas. And it is vital for him to be able to transfer this knowledge and feelings to other people - those who live, study, work next to him, as well as future generations.
The entire history of civilization is the history of communication between people and human communities. It is important for a person to satisfy his eternal need to transmit and receive information. How to do it?
Nature has facilitated this process. We are people, proud of the fact that our speech is articulate, unlike animals, which are not given to combine sounds at will, to pronounce words and sentences.
What is speech?
From the moment of birth, the child gradually masters speech. First, he speaks short, simple words, then phrases and sentences. The child grows - his speech develops. In the school course there are special classes for the development of speech.
Let's give the concept of speech.
Speech is the skill, the ability of a person to speak.
Speech is a certain technology of creation, expression of thoughts through language.
Speech is an action using sounds performed by a person to convey information.
If you ask a psychologist what speech is, he will say that speech, first of all, is one of the highest mental functions of a person, in all its scope of interconnections with important mental functions - thinking, emotions, memory.
Language and speech
Speech is directly related to language. Language is an original in terms of complexity and perfection system of signs that convey information both orally and in writing.
Language and speech are closely related concepts, but they are not the same thing. Language must be used for communication purposes - only then does speech arise. The language becomes incapacitated after people stop communicating in it.
Speech is a language in action, that is, a language used to express certain ideas, emotions, feelings.
The basic unit of speech is a word.
Protect your speech
Life shows how great the adherence of young children to all kinds of shape-shifters, nursery rhymes, fables, nonsense. Everyone knows the childish manner of distorting speech, imitating adults, mimicking animals, chatting in secret languages, playing with speech. But children can, their growing up is accompanied by an increased interest in the sound side of speech.
But pranks with speech later in life are often inappropriate. Take care of your speech! Try not to use junk words in your speech. There is such a good discipline - "rhetoric". She teaches us speech behavior, teaches us to communicate. Rhetoric is our assistant in the correct choice of verbal means, in solving communication problems.
Language - sign system, Rspeech, the ability to speak.
Speech - historically formed formcommunicationpeople throughlinguisticstructures created based on certain rules.
The science of the Russian language is calledlinguistic Russian studies , or, in short, justRussian studies .
2.Language function.
COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION The most important function of language is communicative. Communication means communication, exchange of information. In other words, language arose and exists, first of all, so that people can communicate.
A speaking person is a thinking person, and the second function of language, which is closely related to the communicative one, is the function mental(in another way - cognitive, from Lat. cognitio - ‘cognition’). They often even ask: what is more important, what is more primary - communication or thinking? It is impossible to pose the question like that: these two functions of language condition each other. To speak is to express your thoughts. But, on the other hand, these thoughts themselves are formed in our head with the help of language.
The third function of the language iscognitive(its other name is accumulative, that is, accumulative). Most of what an adult knows about the world came to him with language, through the medium of language.
Another extremely important function of the language- nominative, or called. The point is that naming is an integral part of cognition. A person, generalizing the mass of specific phenomena, abstracting from their random features and highlighting the essential ones, feels the need to consolidate the knowledge gained in the word. This is how the name appears. Consequently, the entire system of concepts that modern man possesses rests on a system of names. Names are not only proper names, but also common nouns.
Regulatory the function unites those cases of using the language when the speaker aims to directly influence the addressee: to induce him to take some action or prohibit him to do something, force him to answer a question, etc.
Sometimes, together with the regulatory function, the functionphatic *, or contact-making It means that a person always needs to enter the conversation in a certain way (call out to the interlocutor, greet him, remind him of himself, etc.) and leave the conversation (say goodbye, thank, etc.). But does the establishment of contact boil down to the exchange of phrases like "Hello" - "Goodbye"? The phatic function is much broader in its scope, and therefore it is not surprising that it is difficult to distinguish it from the regulatory function.
PRIVATE LANGUAGE FUNCTIONSIn addition to the linguistic functions discussed above, other socially significant roles of language can be distinguished.1.Magic - helps to create the necessary environment. Let us recall the funeral or festive rites of different tribes. Various songs and dances from different nations. The language of fortune-tellers for communication with otherworldly forces. Everywhere a specific language is used. 2. Auto-assistance - self-hypnosis.3. Instrumental - the transmission of thoughts using images and sounds.A means of communication between artists and composers (with the help of sounds and images, they convey their feelings to the public).4.Symbolic - indirect or hint.