Yekaterinoslav is the modern name of the city. Ekaterinoslav: modern name, history and interesting facts. The city as it was

Telephone code: +380 56(2) Postcode: 49000 Car code: AE 0000 XX City mayor: Kulichenko Ivan Ivanovich Official site Illustrations at Wikimedia Commons

Population - 1,039,000 people (); the third largest in Ukraine after Kiev and Kharkov.

Located on both banks of the middle Dnieper.

Dnepropetrovsk is a large junction of railways and highways. Since 1995, the subway has been operating - 1 unfinished line of 6 stations. There is an international airport.

History

From ancient times to the 18th century

The place where the present Dnepropetrovsk is located has been favorable for habitation since ancient times - with the exception of those millennia of the Paleolithic, when the border of the ice sheet passed here. On the territory of the city and the immediate vicinity, there are sites of a person of the Stone Age (40-16 thousand years BC), Neolithic hunters, nomads: Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians (II millennium BC - early 1st millennium BC). AD). Since that time immemorial, there has been a connection along the Dnieper and the Black Sea with the Eastern Mediterranean. In the III-IV centuries, 40 km south of Dnepropetrovsk (near the village of Bashmachka) was one of the centers of the Gothic Empire, and possibly its capital (Danprstadt). There were also settlements within the city. Then the warlike hordes of Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars passed over the edge ...

The revival of the region began in the 16th century - after the formation of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and the organization of the Sich down the Dnieper, which was an obstacle on the way of the Tatar troops to the north. So, already from 1500 or 1550. known settlement Samar (Old Samar) on the territory of the present village. Shevchenko (Dnepropetrovsk) in the lower reaches of Samara - archaeological finds confirm the existence of a large trade and craft border settlement here. In 1688, the Moscow authorities built the Novobogoroditskaya fortress here, the local population moved to neighboring villages. Since 1564, Cossack kurens are mentioned in Taromskoye, which since 1704 became a military settlement. Since 1596, a settlement is known at the crossing of the Dnieper - Kamenka - now the Frunzensky residential area. Bogoroditsk settlement is mentioned under -m (on the territory of the suburb - Podgorodny). Since 1648, the Obukha farm has been known (now - the village of Kirovskoye).

Settlements on the territory of modern Dnepropetrovsk before the foundation of Yekaterinoslav

Thus, by the time of the founding of the provincial city, only within the modern city Dnepropetrovsk already had a number of settlements: Samar (1500/1550, since 1688 - the Russian Novoboroditsk fortress), Taromskoe (1564), Kamenka (1596), New Kodak (1650 or 1660), Polovitsa (1743 or 1747-1794), Pilot Kamenka (1750), Sukhachevka (1770), Diyevka (1775), Odinovka (1776). Perhaps there is a historical continuity: Peresechen '(-XIII century) - Samar (Old Samar) (XIV -XVII centuries) - Novobogoroditskaya fortress (1688-1798). Yekaterinoslav overtook the indicated villages and towns in population only at the beginning of the next 19th century. Currently, these villages are part of Dnepropetrovsk, partly one-story buildings were demolished for the construction of multi-storey residential areas (Novye Kaydaki, Diyevka, Kamenka, Mandrykovka, Lotsmanskaya Kamenka), on the site of the former Cossack settlement Polovitsy is the center of Dnepropetrovsk.

Foundation of the city of Yekaterinoslav

By 1862, there were 315 stone and 3,060 wooden houses in the city. Industrial development in the first half of the 19th century was relatively weak - a number of factories were operating: brick, iron foundry, candle, soap-making, salotopes and tanneries.

In 1873, a railway line from Kharkov through Sinelnikovo came to the left bank (st. Nizhnedneprovsk), but only 11 years later (in 1884) the bridge across the river was opened. Dnieper and the railway station in Yekaterinoslav itself (on the right bank of the Dnieper). The railway connected Donbass (Yasinovataya) with Kryvbas.

Thanks to the discovery of iron ore and coal deposits in the Krivoy Rog region, a rapid industrial development of the region and its center began in the Donbass. In the city and its environs, with the active participation of French and German capital, several metallurgical plants appeared (after the successful Soviet modernization of those operating to this day). The locomotive depot of Yekaterinoslav became the largest in the south of the Empire. The city began to grow due to the formation of workers' settlements near the factories. The population of Yekaterinoslav grew sharply - mainly due to migrants - from 22,816 people in 1865 to 121,216 in 1897.

In the same 1897, Belgian entrepreneurs launched an electric tram in Yekaterinoslav - the third in the Empire after Kiev and Nizhny Novgorod. A number of social, cultural and educational institutions appear in the city.

By the end of the century, the population of the provincial center consisted of 42% Russians, 35% Jews, and only 16% Ukrainians.

Dnepropetrovsk - XX century

Coat of arms of Dnepropetrovsk during the Soviet period

At the beginning of the 20th century, the city continued to grow rapidly, industry and trade developed, the population grew - from 121 thousand inhabitants in 1897 to 252.5 in 1910.

The Yekaterinoslav proletariat took an active part in the events of 1905. Here, in particular, I. V. Babushkin and G. I. Petrovsky began their revolutionary activities.

In October 1918, under the Hetman Skoropadsky, a university was opened, which still functions today (Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University).

During civil war the city has repeatedly passed from hand to hand (Denikinites, Nestor Makhno, Petliura and others)

Since December 29, 1995 the Dnipropetrovsk metro has been operating. At the end of 2007, 6 stations were opened: Kommunarovskaya, Prospekt Svobody, Zavodskaya, Metallurgov, Metrostroiteley, Vokzalnaya. The total length of the operated line is 7.8 km. Now under construction on the 1st metro line from the central railway station to the city center there are two stations: Teatralnaya and Tsentralnaya.

In the future, the total length of the first line will be 11.8 km with 9 stations. The development of the metro provides for the construction in the foreseeable future of up to 80 km of tracks with three lines.

On urban routes, on average, works per day (2007):

213 trams, 158 trolleybuses, 4 metro trains (4 carriages each), 128 large and medium-sized buses, 2255 minibuses, 1200 passenger taxis,

The length of the routes is (ring distance):

tram 176.9 km, trolleybus 412.6 km metro 7.9 km motor transport 2410 km

Also in Dnepropetrovsk there are: two passenger railway stations (Central and Yuzhny), an international airport, river and bus stations (central bus station and New Center bus station).

Bridges

• Amur (Old) Bridge- built by the city, cost about 4 million rubles. It was designed by the largest Russian engineer-bridge builder, Professor N.P.Belelyubsky, was built and inaugurated on May 18, 1884, simultaneously with the opening of the Yekaterinenskaya railway. And before that, for almost two centuries, the Dnieper River stood as an obstacle on the "high road" from Baturin through Gadyach, Poltava, Kobelyaki, Perevalochna, Sichu to Perekop. To overcome it, a ferry was arranged. On its right bank was the Novye Kaydaki settlement, and on the left bank was the Kamenka settlement (now part of the Frunzensky residential area).
• Kaydak bridge allowed transit vehicles to follow the Kiev-Donetsk road without entering the city, and made it possible to develop housing construction on the left bank of the river. On November 10, the bridge was inaugurated. Its length is 1732 m, 3-lane traffic in both directions. On December 17, a tram was launched in its center.
• Merefo-Kherson railway bridge- the very first bridge built in the form of an arc. It was necessary to lay a railway branch to the south, and this was an impossible task, since the Nizhnedneprovsk station on the left bank of the Dnieper was to the left of the Yuzhny railway station, and it was impossible to connect them with a straight line, since the main branch from east to west passed through the Central station, and did not turn back east in any way. The design engineers and surveyors were tasked with connecting unconnected stations. Over the course of several years, the bridge was designed and the tensile and bending loads were calculated. This bridge is now one of the most unique structures in Ukraine.
• Central (New)- an automobile bridge connecting the city center with the left-bank part (exit to Pravdy Avenue.) This bridge is the longest in Ukraine.
• South bridge is part of the eastern arc of the bypass road around the city, which is under construction. The length of the bridge is 1248 meters, width is 22 m. It was built in stages from to and from to. It was opened in December 2000. In 2002, the construction of a road junction on the left bank was completed, an overpass was built across the railway.

Education, culture

In 2003, there were 158 general education schools in the city.

In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Informatics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.

In 2008, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Mathematics was held in Dnepropetrovsk.

In 2009, Dnepropetrovsk hosted the semifinals of the All-Ukrainian Student Programming Olympiad (eastern region).

Universities

There are 14 state higher educational institutions and several private ones in the city (excluding branches of other universities):

• Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology
• Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs (former Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Law Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)
• PGASA Pridneprovsk State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
• Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after ac. Lazaryan (former DIIT)
• Dnipropetrovsk Agrarian University
• Academy of the Customs Service of Ukraine
• Dnipropetrovsk State University physical education and sports
• Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy
• Dnipropetrovsk Institute of the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management

In total, about 55,000 students study at the universities of the city.

Museums

• Art
• Literary
• House Museum of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky
• Zoological Museum of DNU
• Literary Dnieper
• Memorial House-Museum of Academician D. I. Yavornitsky
• Memorial House-Museum of I. V. Babushkin
• Museum of the History of the Komsomol (University of Martial Arts Museum and Cultural Complex)
• Museum of the History of the Development of the Financial System of the Dnipropetrovsk Region
• Museum of the History of the University of Railway Transport
• Museum of Coins of Ukraine
• Museum of sports glory of the sports club "Meteor"
• Museum of the House of Culture of the Department of Internal Affairs

History museums of universities

• Museum of History of the State Civil Engineering Academy of Ukraine
• Museum of History of Dnepropetrovsk State Agrarian University
• Museum of History of Dnepropetrovsk National University
• People's Memorial House-Museum named after G. I. Petrovsky
• People's Museum of History of the State University of Chemical Technology of Ukraine
• People's Museum of History of the State Medical Academy of Ukraine
• People's Museum of History of the State Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine
• National Museum of History of the National Mining University

Theaters

• Ukrainian Dnepropetrovsk Drama Theater. T. G. Shevchenko
• Dnepropetrovsk Academic Theater of Russian Drama. M. Gorky
• Dnepropetrovsk Municipal Youth Theater "We Believe!"
• Dnepropetrovsk Regional Youth Theater "Chamber Stage"
• Dnipropetrovsk Municipal Theater of Actor and Puppet
• House of Chamber Music.
• House of Organ and Chamber Music
• "Golden Key", Children's Musical Theater
• "The Scream", Mikhail Melnik Theater
• DGU KVN Theater
• Dnipropetrovsk Philharmonic
• Dnepropetrovsk circus

Holy Transfiguration Cathedral

Temples

• Holy Trinity Cathedral
• Temple of the Icon of the Mother of God "Iverskaya"

sights

• The longest promenade in Europe. Along the right bank of the Dnieper, the length is over 23 km.
• Scythian "women" - the largest collection in Ukraine
• Synagogue "Golden Rose"
• Bryansk Nikolaev Church, 1913-1915 Stone. Typical for the architecture of the early 20th century.
• Nicholas Church, 1807 Near the former wooden Nicholas Church in the town of Novy Kodak, in the style of classicism. The paintings of the 20th century have been preserved. (Oktyabryat st., 108).
• Transfiguration Cathedral, 1830-1835 Built according to the project of O. Zakharov. The historical center of the city - the cathedral was laid by Catherine II herself. According to the construction plan of 1786, the Transfiguration Cathedral was supposed to surpass the size of the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter.
• G. Potemkin's palace, city C - the palace of culture of students. (Park named after T. Shevchenko)
• Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper" (city, authors - N. Ya. But, N. V. Ovechkin), viewing angle - 230 degrees, painting area - 840 square meters. m.
• The fountain at the Opera and Ballet Theater.
• Swan fountain. Installed in 2005 on the Dnieper, a few meters from the coast. The jet height can be up to 50 m.
• Scythian burial mounds, about 12 thousand people are officially registered in the region.

City holidays

• Day of the city... The holiday has been held since the 70s of the XX century. In 2001, the Charter of the city was adopted, which approved the official date for the Day of the City of Dnepropetrovsk - the second Sunday in September. On this day, festive events take place throughout the city and traditionally end on the embankment with festive fireworks.
• Pancake week
• Christmas. The main mass events take place in the evening in the Church of the Iverskaya Icon of the Mother of God (more than 20 thousand citizens).

In the current Novomoskovsk district (Kremenchug was the provincial city); but already in the city, due to its unhealthy location, E. was moved to its present place and was named a provincial town. At first, E. was conceived by Potemkin, 50 miles in circumference, with streets 30 fathoms wide, with luxurious buildings, and a university. Empress Catherine II laid the first stone at the laying of the city's Transfiguration Cathedral. After Count Zubov moved the capital of Novorossiya to Voznesensk, Ye. Lost its significance. Under Emperor Paul I, Ye. Was renamed the provincial city of Novorossiysk. Emperor Alexander I in the city returned to the city its former name E.

City land 4699 dessiatines; residents 80351, of which the newcomer population is 9962 souls, permanent 70384 (36292 men and 34,092 women). Cathedral and 6 parish churches, 8 brownies, 2 monasteries; Old Believer, Lutheran and Catholic churches; 12 synagogues; Karaite prayer house. Men's and women's gymnasiums, women's gymnasium, a real school with a meteorological station at it, a theological seminary, a religious school, a city 3-class school with a craft department (carpentry and turning, wallpaper and saddlery and shoemaking) and a popular course of medicine, city school of memory Pushkin, a city school at the Yekaterinoslav railway station, a free women's school with a handicraft course, men's and women's Sunday schools, a parish school, an orphanage, 2 foreign schools, a Karaite public school, 10 Jewish schools and 15 Talmud-tor and heders , 7 private schools. 4038 students in urban schools (2338 boys and girls). City hospital and almshouse, zemstvo: paramedic school, hospital for 200 beds, insane asylum for 650 people; free hospital for visitors, almshouse; 8 hospitals of other departments; 5 pharmacies; 50 doctors, 34 paramedics and paramedics, 30 midwives.

E. is a significant forest pier; unloads () up to 670 rafts, in the amount of up to 3740 thousand rubles; timber materials are released for 5 million rubles. Residents are given earnings by the load and rafting along the Dnieper of bread, forests and other goods and large industrial establishments. There are only 69 factories and plants in the city, with an annual production of 9 million rubles. and with 5-6 thousand workers. The main ones: Aleksandrovsky-Yuzhnorossiysk rail-rolling, iron-making and mechanical plant of the joint-stock company of Bryansk plants, with a production of 6 1/2 million rubles; 7 steam mills, with a production capacity of 850 1/2 thousand rubles; a pipe-rolling plant, with a production value of 1/2 million rubles; 2 tobacco factories, for 440 thousand rubles; 4 factories for iron foundries and agricultural implements, for 311 thousand rubles; 9 steam sawmills, for 132 1/2 thousand rubles; 4 breweries and mead breweries, for 105 thousand rubles. Total trade and industrial establishments, large and small, 904. 3 fairs; the main of them brings goods worth 275 thousand rubles, sold for 213 thousand rubles. Trade items: livestock, bread, sheep's wool.

Departments of the state noble land and peasant land banks, city public bank, commercial bank, mutual credit society of the provincial zemstvo, postal savings bank. City budget: revenues 324 thousand rubles, expenses 349 thousand rubles, arrears 114 thousand rubles, debts 112 thousand rubles, annually on loans 17 1/2 thousand rubles. It is spent: 36 thousand rubles for the maintenance of the city public administration, 28 thousand rubles for public education, 3 thousand rubles for generally useful and charitable institutions, 4 thousand rubles for the medical unit. Societies: E. doctors, guardianship of women's education, with a commission of public readings, charitable with many branch institutions, mutual assistance of clerks. Branch of the Imperial Russian Society of Horticulture. 2 libraries, 4 printing houses. The former palace of Potemkin, now the house of the E. nobility; a monument to Empress Catherine II, a public garden on the banks of the Dnieper; another public garden was bequeathed to the city by the Cossack Globoi, to whom a monument was erected in the garden. Wonderful railway bridge across the Dnieper.

Yekaterinoslavsky district occupies the southwestern part of the province, representing a somewhat raised, flat surface of crystalline rocks with a thick loamy-chernozem cover; it is cut from west to east by hills forming the well-known Dnieper rapids for 70 versts. The Dnieper River bends around the county from the north, east and south, making up the natural border of the county on three sides; in the west, the Bazavluk River separates the Yezd from the Kherson province. All the rivers of the district are the Dnieper systems. In the lower reaches of the Dnieper, in the south of the uyezd, there are "plavni" and a significant swampy island, with shrubs and hayfields - "Great Meadow". Space for military topographic surveys 6905 sq. versts; according to the Central Statistical Committee (excluding lakes and estuaries) 6611 sq. versts or 670435 dessiatines; according to Strelbitsky - 688687 dessiatines; according to zemstvo data - 644,748 3/4 dessiatines. Convenient land 616187 dessiatines; uncomfortable 28,562 tithes. The total forest is 41,474 tithes; of these, the treasury has 2,611 dessiatines, private individuals have 30,219 dessiatines, rural societies have 8544 dessiatines, and the cities have 100 dessiatines. Rural societies own 231,369 dessiatines, noble landowners 227,302 dessiatines, German villagers 108238 dessiatines, peasants (personally) 26,676 dessiatines, merchants 18,275 dessiatines, the treasury 8356 dessiatines, the bourgeoisie 7906 dessiatines, towns 2302 dessiatines, 4642 dessiatines for the clergy, and 9,780 dessiatines for the clergy.

Inhabitants in the county are 187652, of which: newcomer population 7750, permanent 179902 (91,267 men and 88,635 women). By religion (together with the city): 84.1% Orthodox, 0.4% schismatics, 2.15% Catholics, 6.4% Lutherans, 0.2% Armenian Gregorians, 6.6% Jews, 0.15% Mohammedan. The rural population (148,540 souls of both sexes) is located in 198 settlements - one town, 43 villages, 117 villages, 31 colonies, 6 farms. The peasants rent 2,825 dessiatines of state quitrent articles and up to 70 thousand dessiatines from private landowners. The sown area of ​​the district is 370 thousand dessiatines. The main occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and cattle breeding. Melon growing and horticulture - only for local needs. 2 vineyards owned by landowners, for a total of 20 acres, and 130 vineyards, ranging in size from 75 sq. fathoms up to 3 acres - among the German villagers and peasants. It turns out more than 3 thousand buckets of grape wine for sale and up to a thousand buckets for local consumption. 111 tobacco plantations. Beekeeping is mainly done by peasants in the Dnieper floodplains. Cattle breeding, especially fine-wool sheep breeding, is declining due to crop failures and epizootics. There are 77 thousand cattle, 56 thousand horses, 286 thousand sheep (212 thousand of them fine-fleece), 22 thousand pigs, 1 1/2 thousand goats. Extraction of natural resources of the county, especially manganese ore. Of the trades, the most widespread: work on economy, on the docks of the Dnieper, pilotage, that is, conducting ships through the Dnieper rapids, blacksmithing and locksmithing, carriage and woodworking, leatherworking and furrier, pottery, cooper's and carpentry. There are 617 commercial and industrial establishments, large and small. There are 57 factories and plants, with a production of 7700 thousand rubles. and 4-5 thousand workers; the largest of them is rail rolling, iron-making and mechanical. Kamensk plant of the Yuzhno-Russian Dnieper Metallurgical Society, with a production of 6195 thousand rubles. 10 steam mills, with production for 626 thousand rubles; 11 factories of iron foundries and agricultural implements, for 455 thousand rubles. 49 fairs; goods are brought for 2275 1/2 thousand rubles, sold for 1/2 thousand rubles; especially significant fairs in the town of Nikopol.

51 churches; 71 schools with 3557 students of both genders; of them 5 schools M.N. Pr. and 45 rural rural schools. There are 432 students in ministerial schools (364 boys, 68 girls), in zemstvo schools 2462 (2392 boys and 370 girls). The maintenance of zemstvo schools costs 16,190 rubles; in addition, the zemstvo allocates 300 rubles for one ministerial school. 13 parochial schools and 8 literacy schools, 663 students. Of the German schools, two are 2-grade. 8 hospitals, including 6 zemstvo hospitals; 4 reception rooms; 16 doctors, 28 paramedics and paramedics, 12 midwives, including 6 zemstvo doctors, 21 paramedics and paramedics, 5 midwives; 2 veterinarians. Zemsky fees 137 1/2 thousand rubles; of which 32 thousand rubles are spent on medicine, 12 thousand rubles on public education, 11 thousand rubles on the maintenance of the county government. In the town of Nikopol and 2 villages of the district, postal and telegraph savings banks have been opened. The Catherine railway runs along the northern part of the county. Three crossings across the Dnieper river. Literature - see E. province.

A. Murashkintsev.

Somehow we got used to the fact that the next birthday of Dnepropetrovsk is celebrated in the fall. But this tradition is conditional: in fact, the history of Yekaterinoslav begins on May 22, 1776 when the ruling Senate issued a decree on drawing up plans and estimates "for the stone buildings of the provincial, voevodsky, clerical and other houses of Yekaterinoslav at the confluence of the Kilchenya River into Samara, 8 versts from the left bank of the Dnieper River."
Fact 1.Thanks to the Turks and Cossacks
Just two years earlier, there could be no question of the founding of a city in our area. The entire south of modern Ukraine was under Turkish-Tatar rule, the border with which the Russian Empire ran along the Orel River (north of modern Dnepropetrovsk region). The Zaporozhye Cossacks defended the borders of the Russian Empire from the Turkish-Tatar raids. Constant conflicts led to a war with the Ottomans, which was successful for the combined Russian-Ukrainian forces. The frontier of the empire was constantly pushed southward, reaching the Black Sea. In 1774, the war ended, according to the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhik peace treaty, all the southern lands (a little later - and the Crimea) were finally ceded to Russia. And already in 1775, the Tsar's manifesto was published on the immediate destruction of the Zaporozhye Army. The empire received vast expanses of fertile land, which immediately had to be developed.
Among the cities being created (Kherson, Odessa, Mariupol, Simferopol, and so on), a special role was assigned to Yekaterinoslav, who was seen as the southern capital of the Russian Empire.

Fact 2. Potemkin dreams
Such a grandiose plan matured in the head of the intelligent, ambitious and far-sighted courtier Potemkin. The autocrat's favorite hoped that the laying of the third, southern capital of the empire, named after Catherine II, on the lands of Novorossiya, would provide him with even greater favor from the vain ruler. “Falling at her sacred feet,” Potemkin wrote: “Where else can a city of magnificent buildings be? That is why I also undertook projects worthy of this high city name as a sign of the fact that this country has been transformed from barren steppes by your cares into an abundant helicopter city, from an abode of animals into a favorable haven for people from all current countries. " “Be this way,” - wrote Ekaterina on the report, giving a start to the foundation of Ekaterinoslav. All that remained was to choose a place for a new city.
Fact 3. Two birthdays of Yekaterinoslav
For quite a long time, the date of foundation of Yekaterinoslav was considered May 9, 1787 - the day of the arrival of Catherine the Second and the laying of the Queen of the Transfiguration Cathedral. And, for example, the centenary of our city was celebrated in May 1887. But later, historical justice prevailed. Still, Yekaterinoslav was founded, albeit not in the area in which it developed later, was founded eleven years earlier.
Fact 4. The city was built by convicts
The site for the construction was chosen by the Azov governor V. Chertkov, the project was developed by the architect N. Alekseev. Estimated for 8 years of construction, the estimate was 137 140 rubles 32 kopecks. And the work was carried out by the soldiers of the garrison battalion and 200 convicts (prisoners) of the nearest Alexander prison. According to the project, the city was divided into 9 parishes, each of which had its own area for a church and a market. Since the newly concluded peace still seemed fragile and the danger of Tatar raids remained, great attention was paid to the defensive functions of Yekaterinoslav. The fortified city with a total area of ​​20 hectares was surrounded by forest and water. Along the perimeter, the city was defended by ditches (13 meters wide and over three deep), above them were 12 bastions with cannons.

Coat of arms of the Yekaterinoslav province
“In the blue sky field, the golden monogram name of the Empress Empress Catherine II is depicted, set in the middle of the numbers, meaning the year (1787) in which the city of Yekaterinoslav was concluded.
Nine stars are visible around the monogram name, signifying the settlement of the late Empress Catherine II in eternal bliss and glory. The imperial crown placed on the shield shows that this province was under the special highest patronage. "

Fact 5. Or maybe even older?
A number of historians reasonably believe that our city is much older than 235 years. There are many examples in the history of European cities when the date of foundation is considered to be the time of the first settlement that arose on its territory. If we apply this practice, then Dnepropetrovsk can be counted as 300, 400, and even a thousand years, if we count from the founding of Old or New Kaidak, ancient settlements on the Igrensky peninsula. To be fair, we add: nevertheless, these settlements did not correlate with Yekaterinoslav in any way and for a long time did not even enter the city limits (Old Kaydaks are not included to this day). But it would be quite possible to count the history of the city from the Polovitsa settlement founded in the 1730s. By the 1770s, Polovitsa was located under the mountain near the Dnieper, in the area of ​​the current Liteynaya and Barrikadnaya streets and consisted of more than a hundred huts and very quickly entered the territory of the developing Yekaterinoslav.
Fact 6. Two years later, the governor celebrated the housewarming
The pace of construction of the city of Catherine was very high. By the summer of 1778, 50 buildings were built, including the barracks, the governor's house, the office, the provincial prosecutor's office and the pharmacy, the officers' house, the church, and the prison. On June 20, 1778, the Senate issued a decree on the transfer of the provincial government from the Belevskaya fortress to Yekaterinoslav, which "is almost finished with this structure." Governor V. Chertkov with a huge staff immediately moved to the city.
Fact 7. Tolerance was already held in high esteem
Three years later, by 1781, there were 3575 inhabitants in Yekaterinoslav. In Yekaterinoslav, which had already acquired completely urban features, an infirmary, a bathhouse, a brick factory, two schools worked, a bridge was built across Kilchen and a postal yard. The population of the city was international: Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Greeks, Jews, Germans, Bulgarians lived here. For the spiritual needs of believers of each denomination, four churches acted at once: Russian, Greek, Catholic, Armenian.

Fact 8. Yekaterinoslav-1 was killed by mosquitoes
It is worth marveling at the frivolity of the prospectors of the area and the designers of the “city of Catherine”, but when the city was built and began to live a full life, “suddenly” it was discovered that the swamps and reeds that surrounded the city were infected with an anopheles mosquito. In 1782-83, a general disease of the population began with swamp malaria. The epidemic progressed so much that the frightened governor Chertkov sent a dispatch to St. Petersburg with a request to urgently expel the doctors, and he himself, under a "plausible" pretext, left the infected city.
Fact 9. Is the city closing? No - translated
The conclusions of the doctors who came from the capital were disappointing: the area was completely unsuitable for living (otherwise it could not have been thoroughly explored before so as not to pump such money into the ground!), The city should be immediately closed and resettled. This conclusion was sent to St. Petersburg, from where the answer followed: "The provincial town called Yekaterinoslav will be on the right side of the Dnieper near Kaidak for the best convenience." It happened in 1784. The provincial city of Yekaterinoslav-1 (Kilchensky) existed for only 8 years. He quickly became depopulated and fell into decay. In 1794, when Yekaterinoslav-2 had been under construction for seven years, it was finally transferred up the Samara to the village of Novoselitsa, giving impetus to the development of modern Novomoskovsk.
Fact 10. On artifacts ... corn grows
But the area of ​​the former Yekaterinoslav-1 was not completely abandoned. Not all people wanted and were able to move to Novoselitsa or the new Yekaterinoslav. Having settled around the place of the initial foundation of our city, they gave rise to the current village of Shevchenko (Samara region). By now from the former city only the ramparts overgrown with bushes and weeds remained. Among them, the local population grows corn, potatoes and dumps mountains of garbage. And archaeologists continue to find amazing facts from the life of Yekaterinoslav-1.
Konstantin Shrub, Dnipro Evening

The oldest house of Yekaterinoslav and its people

18.07.2010

On K. Marx Avenue, 64 there is a two-storey building of the “Literary Pridneprovie” museum. This is one of the oldest stone buildings in the city. Until the 1890s, it was one-story.

The history of the development of the South after the annexation of the Crimea and the southern steppes (according to the treaty of 1774 between Turkey and Russia, signed in Kuchuk-Kainardzhe) and the Black Sea region (as a result of the Yasi Treaty of 1791) to the Russian Empire is associated with this structure.
To streamline the resettlement of the arriving settlers in the new lands, a "Stewardship Committee for the Arrangement of Colonists of Southern Russia" was established, which had offices in Yekaterinoslav, Odessa and, after the formation of the Bessarabian region in 1818, in Chisinau. The colonists were given land and exemption from all taxes for ten years. Foreigners were allowed to visit if they accepted Russian citizenship.
Germans, Serbs, Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks, Vlachs, Armenians, Georgians, Moldovans, Kalmyks, who originally settled in communities and supported marriages between their own, for more than 200 years of history, for the most part mixed in a common cauldron. Kalmyks were resettled from the Ural steppes to the Yekaterinoslav region in 1782, Greeks, Georgians and Armenians settled on the lands of the former Zaporozhye, in 1786 the first batch of German colonists arrived, who were given the best lands in the Aleksandrovsky, Yekaterinoslavsky and Novomoskovsky districts.
In 1789-1790, the colony of Jozefstal was formed, in 1793 German colonists settled in Old Kodak, at the same time the settlement of Yamburg was founded, 17 versts from Yekaterinoslav. They received bread, livestock, and money for the establishment. In 1793, after the second partition of Poland, Jews rushed to the developed lands.
The construction of new cities began - Kherson, Nikolaev, Melitopol, Mariupol, etc., among which only Yekaterinoslav was conceived by the organizer of the South of Russia, Prince G.A. Potemkin as the southern capital of the empire, glorifying Catherine II.
Since 1799, the Chairman of the Office of Foreign Settlers was S.Kh. Contenius, who had extensive authority to establish colonies for settlers. He did a lot for the development of the region: he founded the "Pomological Society" in Yekaterinoslav (pomology is the agronomic science of studying varieties of fruit and berry plants, their improvement and zoning), founded a gardening school in the north-western part of the City Garden. At the same time, the pupils of the school helped the gardener A. Hummel, equipping the City Garden, which became the best in the region and provided planting material for the southern parks.
Contenius contributed to the creation of fine-wool sheep breeding, which became the main component of agriculture in the region. Officially, Contenius was considered the son of a pastor, but contemporaries were surprised by the attitude towards him as an equal of the mighty of this world (Duke de Richelieu, Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I, etc.).
It was rumored that Contenius was a distinguished French émigré. Samuil Khristianovich Kontenius died in Yekaterinoslav in 1830, and was buried in the Juzefstal colony (now the village of Samarovka).
In 1818, the Office of Foreign Settlers was transformed into the Committee of Trusteeship for the placement of colonists in southern Russia. Lieutenant General I.N. Inzov(1768-1845), a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, whose portrait is on display in the military gallery in the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg (see photo).
Ivan Nikitovich Inzov headed the Committee until June 1820. Visited this building A.S. Pushkin, who came to the disposal of I.N. Inzov and lived in Yekaterinoslav from May 17 (29) to June 4 (16), 1820. The clever and educated Inzov accepted Pushkin not as a clerk who had come to work, but as a famous poet and allowed him to leave for Crimea with the general's family Raevsky... Memorial plaques to A.S. Pushkin: at the former Inza office at 64 K. Marx Ave. and at number 4 on Shirshova Street, where the merchant's inn was once located T. Tikhova, where A.S. Pushkin.
In June 1820 I.N. By the decree of Emperor Alexander I, Inzov was appointed the plenipotentiary governor of the Bessarabian region and left for Chisinau. While in the office of the governor of Bessarabia, I.N. Inzov from 1822 to 1823 simultaneously replaces the Novorossiysk Governor-General Count A.F. Lanzheron.
Since 1823, Prince M.S. Vorontsov. Inzov remains the main trustee of the colonists in the South of Russia. In 1828 I.N. Inzov was promoted to general from infantry. In 1830 he moved to Bolgrad, founded by him in 1821 (now the center of the Bolgradsky district of the Odessa region).
Ivan Nikitovich Inzov died in Odessa at the age of 77, later the ashes were reburied in the church built by Inzov in Bolgrad. Before his death, he was paralyzed for several years, but remained in the service until his death. After his death, the Committee headed by him was liquidated (the Ekaterinoslav Office of the Committee was closed back in 1833).

The origin of I.N. Inzova is shrouded in mystery. As a boy, he was given to the upbringing of Prince Yu.M. Trubetskoy, who answered questions about the boy that it was a secret. According to one of the legends, the surname Inzov stands for “a different name” (V. Starostin “Dnipropetrovsk. The capital of the steppe region”). According to another version, Inzov is the illegitimate son of Paul I. He enjoyed the support of Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I, Nicholas I.

The building at 64 K. Marks Avenue is associated with another remarkable person. Andrey Mikhailovich Fadeev(1790-1867) - statesman and public figure, whose life in 1815-1834 is associated with Yekaterinoslav, and later - with Odessa, Astrakhan, Saratov, Transcaucasia, where he held high government posts.

A.M. Fadeev began serving in Yekaterinoslav in 1815 as a junior companion of the chief judge of the Office of Foreign Settlers, and from 1818 (after the conversion of the Office of Foreign Settlers into the Board of Trustees of Colonists of the Southern Territory of Russia) he became the head of the Yekaterinoslav Chancellery of the Committee and held this position until 1834. He took an active part in the activities of the Yekaterinoslav Pomological Society, was engaged in journalism, and left his memoirs.
A.M. nobleman Fadeev and his family settled at 12 Peterburgskaya Street (now it is the E. Blavatskaya Museum). The family has provided many talented people. Wife Elena Pavlovna Fadeeva- a representative of the Dolgorukov family of princes - spoke five languages, drew well, was engaged in archeology, mineralogy, etc. natural sciences, has collected collections of numismatics, faleristics. The eldest daughter of the Fadeevs - Elena Gunn- a writer whose work was highly appreciated by V.G. Belinsky and I.S. Turgenev. The son of the Fadeevs - Rostislav - served in the Caucasus, there were legends about the heroism of General Fadeev. He was also a writer, publicist, military historian. The daughter of the Fadeevs is Catherine, married Witte is the mother of the minister-reformer at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries S.Yu. Witte.
The eldest daughter of Elena Gan is world famous - Elena Petrovna Blavatsky- an expert on ancient religions and esoteric teachings, the founder of the International Theosophical Society.
In 1834, in connection with the transfer of A.M. Fadeev sold a house on Petersburg Street, where he created a beautiful garden with an area of ​​almost 2 hectares with a spring. “Memories of A.M. Fadeeva ”in two parts was published in Odessa in 1897.
Since the end of the 30s of the 19th century, various educational institutions have worked in the house on Prospect 64 since the end of the 30s of the XIX century: district schools, the Real School, which in 1877 became a three-year city school. In the 1890s, the building was extended with a second floor. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the school became the City four-year school, etc. In 1988, the building was given to the Dnepropetrovsk Historical Museum for the organization of the Museum "Literary Dnieper", it was given the status of a historical monument.
So a small old house is intertwined with the fate of Yekaterinoslav, the history of the development of the southern lands and wonderful people of the past.

80 years ago, in 1926, Yekaterinoslav received a new name - Dnepropetrovsk. Throughout its history, the city on the Dnieper has changed its name more than once. Founded by the supreme power, the city and its names received for the most part not of their own free will, but according to the decisions of the supreme governing bodies.

Ekaterinoslav (1776 - 1797, 1802 - 1926)

Who gave the name to the city: queen or saint?

In 1776, on the left bank of the Dnieper, the provincial center of the Azov province Yekaterinoslav was founded. The name "Yekaterinoslav" was first mentioned in the spring of 1776 in the design and estimate documents, including in the report on April 23, 1776. Azov Governor Vasily Chertkov G.A. Potemkin, where there is such a phrase: "a project for the construction of the provincial city of Yekaterinoslav on the Kilchen River, not far from its confluence with the Samara River, with the underlying plan, profiles, facades and with estimates."

Later, by decree of Catherine II in 1784, the provincial city was officially transferred to the right bank of the Dnieper. The empress's decree on January 22, 1784 says: "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be on the right side of the Dnieper River near Kaidak for the best convenience ..." (near New Kodak - MK). In reality, the city began its historical life literally in the middle between the Old and New Kodaks that were here. In 1787, the Empress personally laid the first stone of the new city (at the foundation of the Transfiguration Cathedral) and from that time the process of the city's formation began.

Traditionally, it is believed that Yekaterinoslav got its name in honor of Empress Catherine II. Now a version has arisen and is finding more and more supporters that the name of the city contains the name of the heavenly patroness of Catherine II - the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Both versions are based on little more than guesswork. Today there is not a single source that clearly explains the origin of the name Yekaterinoslav. In the "Outline of the city of Yekaterinoslav" (October 6, 1786) G.A. Potemkin wrote: “Most merciful sovereign, where is it as in a country dedicated to your glory to be a city of magnificent buildings; and therefore I undertook projects to compose, worthy of this high city name. " However, this phrase does not clarify anything, because, having founded the city as a symbol of Catherine's policy, it could have been named after the patron saint of Catherine II. In the 18th century, objects were usually not named after living people, but only in honor of heavenly patrons. Let us remember that St. Petersburg has the prefix “Saint” (German - saint) because it was named after Saint Peter, perfectly understanding the allusion to Peter the Great. This logic could have been laid down in the name of Yekaterinoslav. This question awaits further research.

The new Yekaterinoslav kept his name intact only until the death of Catherine II (1796). After that, he suffered a kind of failure.

Novorossiysk (1797 - 1802)

As is often the case with us, what elevated in one regime creates problems in another. Ironically, the "royal name" of the city began to be perceived as a complete sedition under the new autocrat. The city on the Dnieper "suffered" during the "purge" of Catherine's legacy, organized by Paul I during his short reign (1796 - 1801). Only a year had passed after the death of Catherine II, when on December 22, 1797, by the decree of her son, Yekaterinoslav was renamed Novorossiysk. Why Novorossiysk? By that time, the name "Novorossiya" began to be fixed for the entire vast region of the Black Sea region, concentrated under the rule of the Russian Empire (it will officially exist until 1917). Pavel merged into one Novorossiysk province the Yekaterinoslav viceroyalty and the Tauride region, and made Novorossiysk the center of this province and the entire region (until 1802).

Yekaterinoslav: again and for a long time (1802 - 1926)

In March 1801 Paul I was killed. The new emperor, Alexander I (son of Paul and grandson of Catherine II) in 1802 returned its first name to the city, made it the center of the Yekaterinoslav province (albeit in a smaller size than Novorossiysk province). On this, the vicissitudes with the names ended for a long time. With the name “Yekaterinoslav”, the city on the Dnieper was formed as an urban center, survived the crisis of the first half of the 19th century, rose as a modern industrial center of the region, which was even called “New America”. With this name, the city went through the revolution and saw the beginning of Soviet power. The concept of "Yekaterinoslav" as a powerful urban junction of the Black Sea region has become firmly established in the history of the region, Ukraine, Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries.

Sicheslav (unofficially, about 1919?)

In 1917, a revolution came to the city. The old imperial era is a thing of the past, as it seemed then, forever. And part of the city community, first of all, seeing the prospect of an independent Ukrainian state - began to call Yekaterinoslav "Sicheslav". This story has long been overgrown with many legends. It is known for sure that there has never been an official decision to rename Yekaterinoslav to Sicheslav. Now it is even difficult to say when the name "Sicheslav" itself appeared - in 1918, 1919, or even earlier?

Eyewitnesses and participants in the events of the revolution and the civil war themselves give different testimonies. In September 1919, the Kiev newspaper "Rada" reported that "Katerinoslav Mistsev Ukrainian teachers' association was renamed to" Sicheslav ". The name has been pinned. " And "Ukrainian zalna encyclopedia" (1931) and "Encyclopedia of ukrainiannoznavstva" (1976) give certificates: "Sicheslav, the name of Katerinoslav at 1918 p." at the time of Hetman Skoropadsky. The writer Yar Slavutich writes that the name was allegedly invented by Dmitry Yavornitsky himself. The name of the city emotionally retained the part denoting glorification. And since glorifying the Russian imperial era and the "age of Catherine" in those years no longer fit, the Zaporozhye Sich was added to the prefix "Slav" instead of Catherine. There is, of course, a contradiction in this. Yekaterinoslav was founded as part of the Russian colonization stream on the Zaporozhye lands, which means that it was in a peculiar way opposed to the Zaporozhye freemen. Having made an attempt "first" to rename this provincial town, the Ukrainian community thought to start, in this way, the process of cultural transformations, but all these goals were not realized. In reality, the name "Sicheslav" existed for some time only in local Ukrainian publications, books were published with the inscription "Ukrainian Vidavnitsvo in Sicheslav". In Soviet times, the name "Sicheslav" was used in the diaspora, remained a kind of slogan and a symbol of belonging to the Ukrainian identity in Dnepropetrovsk. In the era of perestroika and now part of the newspapers and magazines in the Ukrainian language, published in Dnepropetrovsk, are called "Sicheslavskie".

Krasnodneprovsk (not approved, 1924)

The new Soviet government also did not want to leave the "archaic" Yekaterinoslav alone. On June 14, 1923, the City Council decided to announce a competition to rename the city with the invitation of the "best forces". Now it sounds like a small sensation, but the first "Soviet" name of our city was "Krasnodneprovsk". In January 1924, the 8th provincial congress of Soviets adopted a resolution to rename Yekaterinoslav Krasnodneprovsk, and the province - Krasnodneprovskaya. However, local authorities did not have the right to resolve such issues, but only to petition “upward”. There, “at the top”, they did not understand this strange initiative and “crushed” it (For more details, see the article by L.N. Markova - Dnepr Vecherny, 2001, July 31). In the meantime, the issue of renaming was posed more and more acutely, various organizations proposed options - Leninoslav, Metallist, Krasnorursk. (The Ruhr is a mining region in Germany, a "synonym" for Donbass and Kryvbas).

"Misto Dnipro-Petrovske" - Dnepropetrovsk

If for the 18th century it was very controversial to name the city in honor of a living person (even if the most august person), then the Bolsheviks solved such issues easier. For example, Elisavetgrad in 1924 changed its name to Zinovievsk, and when this party leader left the favor, the city was renamed Kirovograd (in 1934). The working settlement Yuzovka, which quickly grew into a city, was named Stalino in 1924 (since 1961 - Donetsk).

In 1926, our city was also invented a new "complex" name - from the name of the Dnieper River and the surname of a prominent Bolshevik, Grigory Petrovsky, who began his labor activity in Yekaterinoslav, as a turner at the Bryansk plant (everyone knows Petrovka).

The Yekaterinoslav District Congress of Soviets decided to rename Yekaterinoslav into "Dnepropetrovsk", then it was approved by the Presidium of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Central Executive Committee), and on July 20, 1926 - by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Such is the complicated procedure. The first book, published already in Dnepropetrovsk, is a collection of poems by the poet Mark Shekhter with the title "The End of Yekaterinoslav".

The complex phrase from the name of the Dnieper River and the surname of the "All-Ukrainian headman" came into use rather hard. In the Ukrainian language, the word "city" is of the middle sex (and in the 1920s there was already an era of Ukrainization - and the names were written in all official bodies in Ukrainian). Therefore, at first in Ukrainian the city was called "the place of Dnipro-Petrovske". Then they merged into one word "Dnipropetrovske". And after the collapse of Ukrainization, the name of the city became established in Ukrainian as well as the now familiar “Dnipropetrovsk”.

"Made in Dnipro"

There are rumors that during the German occupation there was an attempt to call Dnepropetrovsk "Dneproslav". Not in favor of this version is the fact that the central occupational information agency in Dnepropetrovsk has been published since 1941 for several years under the name “Dnipropetrovskaya Gazeta” and has not changed its name.

In the second half of the twentieth century, in everyday communication, the name of the big city "Dnepropetrovsk" was reduced to "Dnepr" and became similar to the name of the river. Usually they say “I was in the Dnieper”, “I myself am from the Dnieper”, “I came from the Dnieper”. The famous Yuzhmash missiles are made "in Dnepr".

Dnepropetrovsk in the 1950s - 1980s has become one of the largest Eastern European metropolitan areas. Under this name, the city became a "forge of personnel" for the whole of Ukraine and the USSR and the world famous center of the space industry. The current megalopolis is qualitatively different from the old Yekaterinoslav, which went down in history in 1926. Even the name of the region - "Dnieper" - is not so much an indication of the region around the river (Kiev, Cherkassy, ​​Kremenchuk and its surroundings are also on the Dnieper), as an indication of the region "at Dnepr "(Dnepropetrovsk region), that is, the territories concentrated around Dnepropetrovsk. Just like the region around Moscow is called the Moscow region.

Do I need to rename Dnepropetrovsk at all? In the late 1980s and early 1990s. discussion on this issue unfolded. The media competed who would offer a more original name for the city - return Yekaterinoslav, rename it Sicheslav, name it Dneproslav, Kodak, Polovitsa, even Makhnograd or Yavornytsky. In the mid-nineties, in the conditions of the permanent crisis of the country and the city itself, the question of the name somehow came to naught by itself, and no longer acquired such relevance. The name "Dnepropetrovsk" given to Yekaterinoslav in 1926 has long and firmly taken root. Apparently, the city community is quite accustomed to this name, and no renaming of the city is expected in the near future.

Ekaterinoslav Kilchensky - 1776 - 1796 Novorossiysk - 1796 - 1802 Ekaterinoslav - 1802 - 1918 Secheslav - 1918 I January 14th Ekaterinoslav - 1918 - 1926 Dnepropetrovsk - 1926 to the present

Seven versions of dates NS foundation of the city

According to all data Dnipropetrovsk is a young city. It began to acquire its modern appearance and the status of an unofficial capital some 110 years ago, obeying the efforts of one person - Alexander Paul

Back in the middle of the 19th century, just 150 years ago, this city, as it seemed to everyone, will forever remain a deep province.

It will be a reminder of the empress's ambitious plans with a stroke of the pen, who approved on January 22, 1784, "the provincial city called Yekaterinoslav will be in the best convenience on the right side of the Dnieper near Kaidak".

But the question of the time of the foundation of the city has always remained open. The date was constantly shifting back. If the 100th anniversary of Yekaterinoslav was celebrated in 1887, then the 200th anniversary of Dnepropetrovsk was already in 1976.

So, the versions of the time of foundation of the first settlements on the territory of modern Dnepropetrovsk:

Version 1
From the founding of the Orthodox monastery on about. Monastery (approx. IX century). However, the complete absence of any remains of such a large structure, and the very existence of an Orthodox monastery near the nomadic steppe (in the middle of the 12th century, Polovtsian nomads stood in the interfluve of Samara and Orel) is very problematic. This version is just legend.

Version 2
The basis of the city is in the Slavic settlement of the Russians, who inhabited the Igren Peninsula and the same Fr. Monastic in the XI-XII centuries.

Version 3
July 1635 - the foundation of the Polish fortress Kodak on the right bank of the Dnieper, near the first of the rapids - Kodatsky. Around the fortifications a trade and craft settlement arose, but the fortress, first of all, played its role - from here control over the "Zaporozhye freedoms" was exercised. And the history of the fortress itself ended in 1709, when its fortifications were demolished by the troops of the Tsar's Colonel Yakovlev by order of Peter I.

Version 4
New Kodak, which played an important role in the management of the Zaporozhye Kodak palanca (whose jurisdiction included the places of our city), and after the liquidation of the Sich in 1775, New Kodak performed the functions of a provincial city (1784-1797) and was even named in papers Ekaterinoslav II. Moreover, in the description of the Yekaterinoslav viceroyalty, undertaken in 1784, it was directly indicated: "Yekaterinoslavl is a newly established city from the town of New Kodak, which lies on the right bank opposite the mouth of the Samara."

Version 5
It is connected with the Cossack settlement Polovitsa, located just in the center of present-day Dnipropetrovsk. Polovitsa appears somewhere in the second half of the 18th century. In 1768, a part of the Cossacks-Zimovites moved here, and after the defeat of the Zaporozhye Sich, a part of the Sichs also moved. Yekaterinoslav was preparing to be the third southern capital of the Russian Empire, an imperial city with all its functions. But the functions imposed on the city gave rise to such confusion in the minds that nothing worthy of this came out and, according to the correct remark of D. Yavornitsky: "... Yekaterinoslav returned to an earthen vessel or to the very primitive Floor on which it was based ..."

Version 6
Date of foundation of the city - from the beginning of construction of Yekaterinoslav on the river. Kilchen (within the boundaries of modern Novomoskovsk) 1776 (you can read about Yekaterinoslav-Kilchensky).
This date was considered official in 1970-90. Errors of the initial project affected very quickly and Ekaterinoslav I disappeared from the face of the earth, leaving only the date of its existence.

Version 7
The official date of foundation of the city of Yekaterinoslav adopted in the Russian Empire is May 9 (20), 1787, during the travel of Catherine II, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II and other officials to the south. The empress chose a high, open and unoccupied hill as the center of the city, which surprised her with its beautiful surroundings.

Already the first project of Yekaterinoslav, executed by the metropolitan architect Claude Hertz, approved in October 1786, although later rejected as inconsistent with Russian urban planning traditions, proceeded from the fact that the center should be located on a high hill, opposite Fr. Monastery (modern Cathedral Square). Only in the 19th century. the architects found the strength to abandon this tempting but impossible task.

Can the bookmark of the future Transfiguration Cathedral be considered the date of the foundation of the city? After all, for the next 80 years, Yekaterinoslav from complete decline was kept only by its status as a provincial city. So, there is no generally accepted point of view, but the city celebrates anniversaries regularly.

The first of them is associated with the 100th anniversary of Yekaterinoslav in 1887. By this date, the city has really changed. Both city parks were opened for visits, invitations were sent to the officials of the Empire, and festive fireworks rockets were even installed on Bogomolovsky (later - Komsomolsky and Monastyrsok) islands ...

The next anniversary, associated with the 150th anniversary of the city, fell on the Soviet era, 1937. At the meeting on March 1, 1936, among other issues, the issue of "the performance in 1937 of the 150th anniversary of the creation of Yekaterinoslav" was considered.

However, it was decided not to hold "wide jubilee holidays", but to link it with the celebration of the October Revolution. Therefore, it was proposed to start in 1937 the construction of the monument and "the publication of a historical and literary collection for the 150th anniversary of the city of Dnepropetrovsk."

But times have changed, a wave of repressions rolled over and the first Soviet anniversary of the city took place in conditions far from joyful.
The most magnificent was the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Dnepropetrovsk in 1976.

At the moment, in 2001, the city authorities are planning to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the city. That. the date of foundation is still considered 1776 - the time of foundation of Yekaterinoslav Kilchensky.

Yu Pakhomenkov

Provincial town, on the Dnieper river. Founded in 1786, lives. there were 1801 about 19 tons,

1905-157 t. Center of the mining and metallurgical region. Mechanical factories, flour mills and sawmills with a production capacity of 17 mln. R. Educational institutions: higher. mining school, 10 secondary., 3 professional., lower 31 with 3135 scholars.

Gorodsk. income 952 thousand rubles, expenses 938 thousand rubles. Monument to imp. Catherine II. County; 6611 sq. century, steppe chernozem area. Inhabitants of 447 tons (Little Russians, Great Russians, German colonists and Jews). Agriculture, cattle breeding (sheep breeding) are also developed, mechanical. head., distillation and flour-milling business. At sea level Nikopol.

In 1776, a new city of Yekaterinoslav appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, named in honor of the Russian empress - the German princess Catherine II. The city was to become not only the center of the Yekaterinoslav governorship (1783), which included the whole of Novorossia, but also the third southern capital of Russia.

Empress Catherine II visited the city in 1787 and took part in laying the foundations of the Holy Transfiguration Cathedral. On the "Plan for the development of the city of Yekaterinoslav in 1792" the place for the monument to Catherine II and the handwritten signature of Empress Catherine II "To be like this, Catherine"

It was only in 1845 that the people of Ekaterinoslav were able to buy a bronze sculpture of Catherine II, ordered by the Russian merchant A.A. Goncharov for his estate near Kaluga in 1781 from the Berlin firm Thomson Rowand and Co. The authors of the sculpture are the brothers Wilhelm and Friedrich Meyer, the caster Neukish and the artist Melzer. Until 1836, the statue was a dowry of N.N. Goncharova, the wife of the poet A.S. Pushkin. In 1836 it was purchased for scrap by the steel-maker Byrd in St. Petersburg, but was not melted down. In 1846, a cast-iron pedestal was cast at the Byrd plant according to the project of the architect Stakenschneider for the monument to Catherine in Yekaterinoslav.

The queen is depicted in a Roman military armor, with a small crown on her head, in a long wide cloak - a Roman toga, with a belt for a sword and sandals. The right bar is lowered and points to an open book lying on a stand and a row of medals symbolizing the deeds of Catherine II. The monument was solemnly consecrated on the Cathedral Square on August 26, 1846. It stood at this place until 1914. In connection with the reconstruction of Yekaterininsky Avenue, the monument was moved to a new location nearby. Having made a pedestal in the form of a column with bronze bas-reliefs from pink Finnish granite (the author of the project is sculptor E.R. Trypolskaya - the first Ukrainian woman-sculptor).

The sculpture of Catherine II stood in its new place until 1917. During the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, it was overthrown by insurgent soldiers. The former director of the Yekaterinoslavsky Museum of Local Lore named after A.N. Pol, Academician D.I. Yavornitsky, saved the bronze sculpture from being melted down. Secretly at night, with the help of students of a mining school, he dragged the sculpture into the courtyard of the museum and lowered it into a hole dug in the ground, where it lay until 1925. Then it was exhibited near the museum building.

In 1943, during the occupation of Dnepropetrovsk, among other valuables (52,000 exhibits) were taken out by German troops. The last time she was seen on the territory of Czechoslovakia in the city of Benes (140 km near Prague) from Dnepropetrovsk Y.P. Litvinsky - May 11, 1945, who took part in the liberation of Prague.

For more than 50 years, employees of the Dnepropetrovsk Historical Museum named after Academician D.I. Yavornitsky have been looking for a valuable exhibit, a Pushkin relic - a bronze statue of Catherine II.

It is interesting that the sculpture of Catherine II, which once stood on a pedestal of steel, and then in the courtyard of the Historical Museum, and today is wanted... It is included in the list of valuables lost during the Great Patriotic War, drawn up by the State Commission for the Return of Valuables to Ukraine under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

25 October 1943. The message of the Soviet Information Bureau and the Order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on the liberation of Dnepropetrovsk from the Nazi invaders and on the assignment of an honorary title "Dnipropetrovsk”Units that distinguished themselves in battles for the city

The first settlements in the region have been known since the early Paleolithic. Settlements and burial mounds of the pit (3rd millennium BC), catacomb (2nd millennium BC), Srubnaya (1st millennium BC), cultures of the copper-bronze period were discovered. The monuments of the Scythian (Chortomlitsky kurgan), Sarmatian and Chernyakhov cultures have been investigated. In the 6-8 centuries. the first settlements of the Slavs appear.

During Kievan Rus along the river. Oril passed the border With the lands of nomads, the Polovtsian steppe. The Mongol-Tatar invasion devastated the Dnieper region, which from that time was called the "Wild Field". In the 15th century. these lands were inhabited by the Cossacks, who in the 40s. 16c. founded a fortification in the lower reaches of the Dnieper - the Zaporozhye Sich, which, after repeated destruction, changed its location several times, and, accordingly, its name.

Hence, in response to the predatory attacks of the Turks and Tatars, the Cossacks carried out sea and land campaigns to the Crimea and Turkey. The Cossacks played a significant role in the liberation war of the Ukrainian people against Poland in the 17th century. In 1709.

Peter I ordered the liquidation of the (Old or Chortomlitskaya) Zaporozhye Sich. In 1734. after lengthy petitions, the Cossacks were allowed to found a New Sich in the town of Podpolnaya (near the modern village of Pokrovsky, Nikopol district). Its territory was divided into palanqui (districts). Cossack detachments took an active part in the peasant movement - Koliivshchina (1768) under the leadership of M. Zheleznyak.

In 1775. tsarist troops, by order of Catherine II, captured and destroyed the Sich. Its lands became part of the Azov and Novorossiysk provinces, united in 1783. in the Yekaterinoslav viceroyalty, and in 1802. Yekaterinoslavskaya province was formed.

Nature

The surface of the region is a wavy plain with a developed valley-girder network. The northwestern part is occupied by the Dnieper Upland, which gradually decreases in the southeastern direction, is significantly dissected by ravines and gullies, and ends in a steep ledge in the Dnieper valley. In the south, the upland gradually turns into the Black Sea lowland. In the east there is the Dnieper lowland with a wide development of terraced relief forms. The climate is temperate continental, the average temperature in January is -5-7 degrees C., in July - + 22 + 24 degrees C. In winter, there are often thaws and severe frosts with winds. Summer and spring - dry winds and dust storms. The amount of precipitation is 400-500 mm. On the territory of the region there are 145 rivers with a length of more than 10 km, many small reservoirs, lakes and ponds. There are 101 territories and objects of nature reserve fund in the region. 3 natural monuments of republican significance.

Administrative composition

There are 20 regional centers in the region: Apostolovo, Vasilkovka, Verkhnedneprovsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Kryvyi Rih, Krinichki, Magdalinovka, Mezhevaya, Nikopol, Novomoskovsk, Petropavlovka, Pokrovskoe, Pyatikhatki, Sinelnikovo, Solenoe, Sofievka, Tomakovka. Tsarichanka, Broad.

DNEPROPETROVSK (1918 - Secheslav, until 1926 - Yekaterinoslav) (tel.code 0562)

Located on the Dnieper, 592 km from Kiev. Ekaterinoslav founded Prince. G. Potemkin in 1787. on the site of the Zaporozhye settlement Polovitsa and was named in honor of Catherine II. By order of Paul I it was renamed Novorossiysk (1796-1802). Since 1802 became the provincial center. The rapid development of the city began in the 70s. 19th century after the construction of the railway, which connected the Krivoy Rog iron ore and Donetsk coal basins. In the period 1917-20. the city was often under the control of N. Makhno's anarchist army.

Monuments of Dnepropetrovsk

BRYANSK NIKOLAEV CHURCH, 1913-15 Stone. Typical for the architecture of the early 20th century.

NIKOLAEV CHURCH, 19th century The style of architecture combines the features of classicism with the diocesan architecture of the second floor. 19th century The church has preserved paintings from the 20th century. (st.Romanovskogo, 92).

NIKOLAEV CHURCH, 1807 Near the former wooden Nicholas Church in the town of Novy Kodak, in the style of classicism. The paintings of the 20th century have been preserved. (Oktyabryat st., 108).

TRANSFORMATION CATHEDRAL, 1830-35 Built according to the project of architect. O. Zakharova. Restored in 1975.

POTEMKIN'S PALACE, 1786 In 1952. reconstructed by architects A. Baransky, S. Glushkov and A. Muchnik. Since 1961 became a palace of culture for students. (Park named after T. Shevchenko)

Other objects of the region

DNEPRODZERZHINSK (until 1936 - Kamenskoe). City, port on the right bank of the Dnieper, 35 km from Dnipropetrovsk. The first mention of Kamenskoye dates back to 1750. The village was founded by the Zaporozhye Cossacks. During the existence of Novaya Sich, it was part of the Kodak palanca. It developed thanks to a metallurgical plant founded in 1887. In 1917. turned into a city.

NIKOLAEVSKY CATHEDRAL, 1894 Decorated on the outside with details in the ancient Ukrainian style. Now the Museum of the History of Dneprodzerzhinsk.

CHINA TOWN. Village, Tsarichansky district, 53 km from the railway station. Males. The first mention in written sources in 1667. During the Tatar raids on the banks of the river. Oril built fortifications, fenced with a palisade and an earthen rampart. Inside there was a town where the population was hiding. In case of danger, they removed the "kitaika" (red cloth), which could be seen above the settlement.

BARBARIAN CHURCH, 1756 In the 1980s. restored.

NIKOLAEV CHURCH, 1757 Stone. Baroque style. The paintings of the 18th century have been preserved.

Dormition Church, 1754 Stone. Baroque style. In 1969-73. restored.

NIKOPOL. City, river port on the right bank of the Kakhovskoe reservoir, 121 km from Dnepropetrovsk. On the site of modern Nikopol there was a Cossack ferry across the Dnieper-Nikitin Rog (first mentioned in 1530), founded by the Cossack Nikita. Since 1636 the Sich is located, which was conventionally called Nikitinskaya. Here in 1648. B. Khmelnitsky was elected hetman of Ukraine. Since 1652 the settlement of Nikitino is mentioned. In 1775. the construction of the fortress began, which was named Slavyansk. In 1782. the town was renamed to Nikopol. In the 19th century. free sailors, who served their time, settled here on preferential terms. Construction of an iron foundry in the second half. 19th century accelerated the development of the city.

CHURCH OF CHRISTMAS IN SULITSKY, 1812-20 In the style of classicism. The paintings of the 19-20th centuries have been preserved.

KALULEVKA. Village, Nikopol district. In the village there is the grave of the kosh chieftain of the Zaporozhye army - Ivan Sirko (died in 1680).

NOVOMOSKOVSK. City, on the right bank of the river. Samara, 27 km from Dnepropetrovsk. In the 17th century. On the outskirts of modern Novomoskovsk, the Zaporozhye Cossacks founded winter farms. In 1688. they built the Novo-Bogorodsk fortress. On the lands between the monastery and the fortress from the beginning of the 17th century. Cossacks settled here, who founded here the Samarchuk settlement, or Novoselytsia, its poor people actively participated in the Koliivshchyna. After the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, Novoselitsa became a district center. In 1794. renamed to Novomoskovsk, from 1802. - as part of the Yekaterinoslav province.

NIKOLAEV CHURCH OF SAMARA MONASTERY, 1782-87 Stone. Baroque style. Built by K. Tarnovsky, who is buried in it. Preserved monastery cells (1816-20), stone, one-story, with a corridor planning system. The church and cells on the territory of the Samara Desert-Nikolaevsky Monastery (arose in 1602 on the site of the Samar fortress) were founded by the Cossacks. In the 17th century. the monastery was attacked more than once, was destroyed and ravaged, in 1670. restored again.

TRINITY CATHEDRAL, 1775-80 Built by the folk master A. Pogrebnyak. In 1888. restored by architect. G. Harmansky. Wooden, on a stone foundation, baroque style. The only nine-banded church in Ukrainian wooden architecture. The cathedral housed the Dnepropetrovsk Art Museum.

BELL, 19th century In the western part of the territory of the Trinity Cathedral. Wooden. In the 1980s. restored.

PETRIKOVKA. Village, above the river. Chaplinka, 22 km from the railway station. Bagliy. The first housing of the village was the farm of the Cossack Petrik during the time of Novaya Sich. The first written information about the village is in the documents of the 18th century. On the eve of the dissolution of the Sich, the administration of the Protovchansk palanca was transferred here. In the 18th century. the village was famous for local handicrafts: painted chests, carpets, dresses. Nowadays in the village there is a museum of applied art of Petrikov art ornament. Masters of Petrikovskaya decorative painting are working.

CHURCH OF CHRISTMAS, 19th century Stone.

SEMENOVKA. Village, Pyatikhatsky district, 7 km from the railway station. Pyatikhatki.

ASCENSION CHURCH, 1823 Stone. In the style of classicism. One of the best religious buildings in the Dnipropetrovsk region.

OLD KODAKI. Village, Dnepropetrovsk district, 12 km from the railway station. Sursko-Lithuanian.

KOZATSKAYA FORTRESS, 1635 It was built on the right bank of the Dnieper by the French engineer G. Levasser de Beauplan. In August 1635. captured by the Ukrainian Cossacks led by I. Sulima and destroyed. In 1638. rebuilt. In 1648. during the national liberation war, it was again captured by the Cossack detachments under the command of the regiment. G. Nesterenko. In 1709. destroyed by order of Peter I. It was an earthen fortress of the old Dutch type, surrounded by a rampart and a moat. Part of the rampart has survived