Nekrasov worked hard on the work in 1845. Since after the collection "Dreams and Sounds" the poet failed, he tried and put all his energy into the work. He decided to change the themes of creativity, and make everyday life the main object of his works, write about people's lives and everyday problems that concerned ordinary people.
After V.G.Belinsky read this work, he was shocked. Despite the simplicity and routine of the topic of the difficult fate of the peasantry, Belinsky gave a rather high assessment to what he wrote:
Do you know that you are a poet, and a true poet!
Genre, direction and size
For the most part, Nekrasov wrote in the direction of realism. It is worth adding that "On the Road" is ranked among the civic lyrics. The poet tried to convey the naturalness of the life of the peasantry, all the authenticity of what was happening in those days.
The work is written in the form of a coachman's conversation. In terms of genre, it in a sense refers to the coachman's songs, goes back to folklore and is at the junction between the lyric and the epic beginning.
Size - tricycle anapest. The rhyme is lively and energetic due to the intertwining of masculine and feminine, and there is also a chaotic rhyme of cross, pair and ring.
Images and symbols
The lyrical hero in Nekrasov's work "On the Road" experiences incredible boredom and melancholy from life. And in order to somehow have fun, he asks the driver to help him in this, so that he entertain him with some story, tell him something. This is an inquisitive traveler who does not shy away from talking with ordinary people, does not behave arrogantly. He is interested in the whole world without exception. This is how a real poet should be. He is distinguished from others by his subtle perception of the world, the ability to analyze and reason. He knows and understands that a peasant's wife, brought up in the traditions and customs of a noble house, cannot fall in love with the hard and ugly village life.
But the fact is that the coachman has no time for fun, he is worried about thoughts of his wife, so he knows the master's story of his life. This is an ordinary peasant with a traditional set of values: family, home, land. But everything with him, not like people, because he got an atypical lady as a wife. All the time he is tormented by the fact that she is unhappy with his company, and his whole set of life attitudes is alien to her.
His wife, a peasant woman Grusha, was brought up in a noble house and had the opportunity to receive a good education. She learned to read and even learned to play the organ. But after the death of the master and the growing up of the young lady, with whom the girl was a companion, refined and not adapted to physical labor, Pear was sent back to the village, where she was forcibly married not for love to a rude and unkempt peasant. All her suffering is no longer from work, which she is not used to doing, but from violence and powerlessness, from the inability to control her own destiny. This is an intelligent, sensitive and gifted nature, which the owners only crippled with their patronage. If she had been brought up like everyone else, none of this would have happened, but the coming of the gentlemen is more important than her fate. The girl's feelings and talents were trampled under another whim.
The driver is still at a loss and does not understand. What did he do, because all his life, according to him, he treated her well. He hit her only on a drunken head, but that doesn't count. The driver is too simple and stupid, and does not understand why his wife does not behave like other women. He lives without second thoughts about the present, does what he does, until the moment comes, which he will have to think about. Of course, he blames the gentlemen for her "depravity", but, in fact, they are not to blame for the upbringing, but for the fact that they did not suit the girl with such skills properly.
Themes and mood
- Nekrasov raises in a poem the theme of the tragedy of human destiny who is not his own master. Slavery in his description takes on a sophisticated form. The girl was deceived with vain hopes, lured by an easy and beautiful life, and then, without thinking about her adaptation to the new conditions, she was thrown out of the house, and even married against her will. It is impossible even to imagine what she felt, knowing all the hardships of serfdom on herself.
- The problem of misunderstanding... The lyrical hero who listens to the coachman's story is well aware that it is hard for his wife to live in such conditions not from hard work, but from a violent life, from humiliation. The coachman believes that the peasant woman was ruined by her upbringing, which she received in the master's house. In part he is right, but in a country where education and manners interfere with life, a free and highly intellectual person cannot develop. This is another problem raised by the poet - the backwardness of Russia, mired in serfdom.
- Love theme... The coachman loves his wife in his own way, but his upbringing includes and provides for a system of corporal punishment. The spouse must also work on an equal footing with the man, must fulfill the conjugal duty and manage the household. There is no time for music and reading novels. Naturally, he does not understand the true needs and feelings of a woman brought up according to the lordly canons. Her love is a romantic and sublime feeling from many fictional stories. She perceives life in a different way, her ideas are close to the ideal learned from books. For her, her husband's love seems gross ignorance and intolerable vulgarity.
- The problem of permissiveness and irresponsibility... The gentlemen do not think about the fate of the peasants, their actions are not motivated by anything other than their own whims. They do not consider servants for people, and all bookish humanism disappears when they dispose of slaves. Neither the king nor the court punishes this in any way, so the nobles use their power without hesitation.
- Mood oppressiveness is created, because nothing can help Grusha, and there are hundreds, and maybe thousands of such Pears. The problem posed by the author has not been resolved, and the main theme (the severity and injustice of serfdom) did not lose its urgency for many years. This page in Russian history must be considered shameful.
Main idea
The subject of tyranny of landowners is not new to the literature of those years. The heroine of the poem, a peasant girl, at the whim of the master, touched world culture and felt like a person of a different social level, but, in fact, she remained the same slave, and fate proved this very convincingly. The meaning of the author's message to descendants is that it is impossible to dispose of a person as a thing. He has a mind and feelings, consciousness and will, and, therefore, has the right to self-determination and personal life, which are consistent with his choice. Now this is obvious, but then it was understood only by advanced thinkers.
The peasant woman returns to her environment and marries a peasant without the skills for peasant labor. Without the habit of such an existence, she is doomed to death. The author unexpectedly compares two morals: master's and peasant's. The driver's family life was not successful, but telling his story, he openly sympathizes with his wife, realizing the whole tragedy of her situation: "The gentlemen ruined her." The true humanism of a simple Russian peasant contrasts with the harshness of enlightenment and the pseudo humanity of the masters. This is the main idea of the work: kindness should be in deed, not in words. Even a rude and drinking man feels sorry for the girl, but not for her smart, respected and sober owners. This means that they are clearly hypocritical and deceive themselves, because their souls are a hundred times more primitive than the nature of a village peasant.
Means of artistic expression
Since Nekrasov wrote in the genre of coachman songs, you can find many vernaculars in his work, such as: "girl", "woman", "man", "bait", "fell ill" and "kudy". So he reproduces the genuine folk speech without embellishment.
For expressiveness and transfer of emotional mood, the author uses such epithets as: "dashing woman", "daring coachman", "tireless work", and metaphors: "drunken hand", "obsessive boredom".
Interesting? Keep it on your wall!In his work, the famous poet Nikolai Nekrasov has repeatedly addressed the problems and sufferings of the common Russian people.
From childhood, he watched the cruel treatment of serfs on the part of his father, a despotic and domineering man. Often got from him and his wife, the poet's mother. These impressions remained for the rest of his life in the memory and soul of Nikolai Alekseevich and became an inexhaustible source for a large number of his works.
In 1845, young Nekrasov wrote a small poem "On the Road". It became his literary debut and immediately marked a theme that will forever remain central in his work.
"... You are a poet - and a true poet!"
It was with such enthusiastic words that the critic V. Belinsky addressed Nekrasov when he first heard "On the Road". "How much sorrow and bile ..." - he said about the verse of the beginning poet in one of the conversations with I. Panaev. I immediately fell in love with the "excellent" work and
How did Nikolai Nekrasov, whose first collection "Dreams and Sounds" remained practically unnoticed, deserve such a high rating?
Composition and genre
The poem is more reminiscent of the story of the unhappy life of a young peasant family. The tie is the complaint of the master to the driver of boredom. He asks to amuse himself with a bold song or fable. "I myself am not having fun ..." - with these words begins the speech of the driver NA Nekrasov. On the way, he slowly talks about the fate of his “villainous” wife, who was brought up and lived for a long time in a noble house. Then she was sent to the village, where she now found herself on the brink of the grave. The sad story evokes a response from the master. "Well, ... enough ... I dispersed ... obsessive boredom" - these words conclude the work.
So instead of the traditional coachman song to the ringing of bells, the soul-pinching monologue of a tortured heart sounds. And its heroes are the victims of serfdom, which has existed in Russia for centuries.
The main theme of the poem "On the Road"
Nekrasov was always worried about the plight of the oppressed people. He was especially anxious about the bitter fate of a peasant woman, who could bear a lot in her life. In the first serious poem, "On the Road", he tells about the unenviable lot of a serf girl, whose childhood and youth were spent in a noble house. This was typical of the time. Moreover, quite often the illegitimate children of the landowner found themselves in this position. Their carefree and calm life almost always ended tragically, since for society they remained serfs forever. The feelings of the peasants (by birth), who were toys in the hands of masters and ended up in an unusual social environment for themselves, helps to understand the analysis of the poem "On the Road".
Nekrasov on the upbringing of the heroine
For many years, pear was a companion of the young lady. Together with her, she studied reading and science, sewing and playing musical instruments - i.e. to all that a society lady should know and be able to do.
Her husband describes her like this: "she had an imposing appearance" and good manners, so one might think that she was a "natural" young lady. Even the teacher approached her alone (not a simple serf!), But something went wrong there: “there is no need for a hundred servant in the nobility”.
For the girl, everything changed in an instant: the young lady got married and left, and the landowner soon died, leaving Grusha an orphan. The young son-in-law who entered the inheritance counted all the revisions. Replaced corvee with quitrent. The pear, with which he did not get along, he sent to the village. So N. Nekrasov continues the verse "On the road" and the story about the fate of the heroine.
Village and marriage
“The girl howled,” the coachman says about his wife's new life. It was hard for her, not accustomed to peasant labor. Any work was a burden - "sometimes it is a pity". But the coachman did not blame Grusha, he believed that "the gentlemen ruined her."
And the girl's marriage was not a joy. They married according to the will of the Lord - the time has come. So nothing made her happy in her new life. With strangers still "here and there," and, left alone, all the tears poured. This is how the soul of a person who is accustomed to living in completely different conditions, according to different moral laws, gradually perishes - the analysis of the poem "On the Road" leads the reader to such gloomy thoughts.
Nekrasov does not limit himself to describing the difficulties that have arisen in everyday life. He draws attention to yet another side of peasant life, which is not at all similar to that of a lord's.
The darkness and illiteracy of the people
The driver is worried about another thing in his wife's behavior. She often looks at some kind of "patret", reads a book. The son teaches to read and write, which is not accepted by the peasants - another destiny awaits him. And every day, like a barcheon, she washes and scratches. She cuts, does not give a beat. “She will ruin her little son too,” such a thought overcomes the driver.
The author is worried about something else. An uneducated husband, far from culture and any science, is not able to understand Pear, in which a noble upbringing and a book (a portrait may show, for example, some writer) awakened a sensitive soul. He wants to draw attention to this The verse "On the road" shows how downtrodden a simple man really is. That is why Pear cannot find a like-minded person in the new conditions - no one here understands her. As a result, her master, perhaps, nothing bad and not wanting, crippled the life of the young girl. Now she is wasting away day by day, she has become "like a splinter of thin and pale", even walks, as if through strength. By all appearances, she did not have long to live. "Would be a dashing woman!"
The fate of the driver
It is not easy for her husband in this story. They got married without consent. Grusha does not understand, although, unlike many others, he felt sorry for his wife, did not scold him once again, even respected. Almost did not beat - only when drunk. And in the future, widowhood and loneliness await him, which is not easy for a man with a small son in his arms to demolish. And most importantly, there is no fault of his in this whole story - he is the same as everyone else.
Thus, the analysis of the poem "On the Road" (Nekrasov wrote in this connection: "Whatever life is, it is a tragedy!") Reveals the moral and social problems of serfdom. After all, the whim of the gentlemen destroyed the life of more than one person.
Expression tools
The poem "On the Road" was written with a three-foot anapest. This size, combined with the alleged clatter of hooves, resembles spoken folk speech, which brings the driver's story closer to a song like a plaintive cry escaping from the depths of the soul. A special word order, a combination of paired, cross and ring rhymes, common words and expressions: bait, ali, know-de, patret, etc., make the monologue realistic and colorful.
The meaning of the poem
The analysis of the poem "On the Road" leads to several conclusions. Nekrasov in it, even before I. Turgenev with his "Notes of a Hunter", drew the attention of contemporaries to the plight of the people. In the coachman's monologue, contrasting pictures of the life of landowners and serfs dependent on them clearly emerge. The worst thing here is that the owners treated their slaves like any other thing in the house. It was an open denunciation of the slavery that existed in the country and an open protest against the established order.
A simple but true picture with each new line emerges in the work "On the Road" by Nekrasov. The theme stated in the poem - serfdom has neither conscience nor laws - overnight turned the aspiring poet into the best representative of the "natural school", which will soon establish itself in Russian literature and criticism.
"On the way" analysis of the work - theme, idea, genre, plot, composition, characters, problems and other issues are disclosed in this article.
History of creation
The poem "On the Road" was written by Nekrasov in 1845, the poet is only 24 years old. This is a genre scene created in the form of a dialogue between a master and a coachman (a long-distance carrier). The coachmen often sang songs and told stories to bored riders, so Nekrasov describes a typical life situation. The song-complaint of the coachman as a genre existed in folklore.
Literary direction, genre
Nekrasov's poems are realistic. They describe a typical hero in typical circumstances. In the days of serfdom, peasants often became a plaything in the hands of their masters. Sometimes this happened as if by accident, as described in the poem "On the Road": the serf girl was taken to the manor house as a friend and companion of the owner's daughter. When the young lady grew up and got married, and the old owner died, his son-in-law sent the girl, accustomed to living like a young lady, to the village and married her off. The landowners did not think about the fate of their serfs. The change in life made the peasant young lady unhappy and threatens her with death. In fairness, it must be said that unequal marriages between landowners and serfs also happened, but they were rarely happy.
The poem refers to civic lyrics and denounces the social structure of feudal Russia.
Theme, main idea and composition
The plot of the poem is the coachman's complaints about his wife, who grew up in the master's house. Pear was taught the sciences, sewing, knitting, reading, playing the piano. She dressed like a master, ate the master's food (porridge with honey). A teacher even approached her, "Yes, know, God did not judge her happiness." After the new owner arrived at the house, for some reason Pear was sent to the village and given in marriage, and her life, as well as her husband's, became unbearable. The husband does not consider her lazy, but she does not know how to do anything, "neither mow, nor follow the cow." It is difficult for a woman to perform any physical work. The coachman husband pity her and consoles her, as is customary among the peasants, but even new clothes do not please her, unusual clothes and shoes are uncomfortable. The pear cries, eats little and, obviously, will not live long. She reads some book (maybe the only one she has), looks at some portrait (isn't it a portrait of a teacher?) -peasant good, almost did not even beat. He is also worried about the fate of his son, whom his mother brings up as a little barcheon.
The main idea of the narrator is enclosed in two lines: "The gentlemen ruined her, But there would be a dashing woman." The coachman implies that the peasant woman was ruined by the lordly upbringing. The master, who asked to entertain him with a story, stops the peasant by saying that he beat his wife only under a drunken hand. The master understands how much a girl should be oppressed by such a life. Not because she has to do dirty peasant work, but because she is humiliated. The theme of the poem is the unhappy fate of a person with dignity. Barin realizes all the hopelessness and joylessness of the fate of the unfortunate spouses and, in general, of all people in a class society, which was serf Russia. The idea of the poem is anti-serfdom.
Size and rhyme
The poem is written in a tricycle anapest, reminiscent of tonic Russian complaint songs. This rhythm falls on the sound of hooves. The liveliness of speech conveys the alternation of feminine and masculine rhymes, as well as a variety of rhymes, which alternate randomly: cross, pair and ring.
Paths and images, speech
Colloquial expressions make the coachman's speech realistic: hear you, you know, a hundred, then, crashing, bait, sam-at, patret... Nekrasov accurately managed to convey the state of a peasant who does not know how to help his wife and what is his own fault. At the beginning of the dialogue, the master is calm and indifferent: he does not care what story to listen to. But he's not heartless. The master's speech is ironic. In the last phrase "You dispersed my obsessive boredom" one can feel sarcasm: it was sad, but it became even sadder and more hopeless.
There are no tropes in the coachman's speech, and how could they come from a peasant? There are two popular comparisons roars like crazy, like a splinter thin and pale and one epithet - the highest peasant praise dashing woman... Master's epithet obsessive boredom emphasizes his bitterness from what he heard.
The Russian poet N.A. Nekrasov wrote talentedly and soulfully about the fate of serfs, about the share of Russian women. Nekrasov's greatness lies in the fact that his poems expressed the advanced, progressive ideas of his time, in the fact that through the tragic reality of oppressed Russia he foresaw a better fate for his people and glorified him in exciting poetry.
The poet did not immediately reach the heights of creativity. In the early 1840s, Nekrasov joined the staff of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. VG Belinsky, who later personally met Nekrasov, drew attention to his reviews published in the journal. At that time, Nekrasov's literary activity was criticized, and Belinsky believed that Nekrasov would forever remain no more than a useful journalist. But when in 1845 Nekrasov brought his poem "On the Road" to Belinsky, he enthusiastically accepted this work and called Nekrasov a true poet. The success of the poem "On the Road" contributed to the creative flowering of Nekrasov and his formation as a folk poet.
The poem is built in the form of a dialogue between the driver and his rich rider. The leading theme of the poem "On the Road" is the forced fate of a serf woman, whose life, due to changed circumstances, turned into sheer torment.
Compositionally, the poem is divided into three unequal parts. In the first part of the work, a rich passenger asks the driver to relieve boredom - to sing a funny song or tell an amusing story. The second part contains the story of a driver who responded to the request of a rich rider. The poem ends with the rider's remark, interrupting the coachman's story and declaring that he amused him enough.
The main part of the literary work is the coachman's story about his wife named Grusha, who, being a serf, was brought up from childhood in a noble house, together with the owner's daughter. Pear received a good education, could read and play musical instruments. She dressed like a real young lady. But one day her life changed dramatically, and not for the better. The landowner's daughter got married and left for St. Petersburg. The owner of the estate soon died and his son-in-law took over the estate. The new owner did not get along in character with Grusha, who still lived in the master's house. Taking advantage of the fact that the girl was a serf in her position, he sent her to the village, to the peasants. Soon Grusha was married to the driver.
With the advent of a simple man's wife, a white-handed man in his life, his worries increased significantly. The wife, although she was not lazy, did not know the peasant work at all. It was very difficult for her to get used to the new reality. The driver took pity on her and tried to console her by buying simple new clothes. But his participation did not help Grusha, she often cried. The driver was sincerely worried about the fate of his son, whom Grusha raised like a barchon - she washed him, cut his hair and combed his hair, taught the boy to read and write. All this, according to her husband, was not worth doing at all. Complaining to the rider that his wife eats very little, the driver expressed fears that with such a lifestyle she would not stay long in this world.
The coachman's story creates a mood of hopeless despondency, hopelessness of existence, but for his rider this narration is a means of entertainment. He was not in the least touched by troubles and sorrows ordinary people, serfs.
The main idea of the poem "On the Road" is that serfdom, as a form of enslavement of people, humiliates the dignity of man and gives rise to innumerable personal tragedies. So it happened in the case of Pear. Raised in an atmosphere of freedom, she suddenly found herself a slave, someone else's property. This change in her life caused Grusha a severe mental trauma, from which she was never able to recover.
A characteristic feature of the poem "On the Road" is the absence of a compositional and stylistic device, which is called a "remark" in literature. This technique consists in the author's departure from the direct storytelling. There are no remarks in the poem "On the Road". Another characteristic feature of the poem is that an essential part of the text - the coachman's monologue addressed to the master, is essentially a hidden dialogue: "Hey, you, ...", "You understand, a hundred ...".
When writing this poem, Nekrasov used a three-foot anapest as a poetic meter. The choice of this poetic meter makes the poem look like a song, increases the melody of the work. At the same time, the author uses several rhyming schemes in the work - cross, adjacent and circular.
Based on the analysis of the work "On the Road", we can conclude that in the text of the verse, the song basis is visible, which is felt in the following: in the echoes of the chants of coachman songs, in the folklore epithets "white-handed", "white-faced", in the dialogic nature of a folk song, in application of a characteristic size.
Nekrasov actively used various means of artistic expression when creating the poem "On the Road". He used such epithets as "tireless work", "daring coachman", "dashing woman", as well as metaphors "villainess wife", "drunken hand", "obsessive boredom". When describing the appearance of the driver's wife, the author gives such comparisons as “pale and thin as a splinter”, “roars like a crazy one”. The poem also contains a large number of common expressions, with the help of which the author conveys the direct speech of the driver: "you understand, a hundred ...", "crashing ...", "bait", "sam-at", "hear", "ali", "then " other. These dialects lend credibility to the coachman's story and increase the realism of the piece.
In the poem I liked that the heroine of the coachman's story, his wife Grusha, does not give up in a difficult life situation. Yes, it is very difficult for her, but she continues to read books and brings up her son as she thinks is right - she teaches the child to be clean, neat and teaches the boy to read and write. This small episode in the coachman's story shows that no life tragedies can break a Russian woman. She will be able to fulfill her maternal duty to the end.