Journal of the Twelve Apostles- collect a model of a magnificent battleship, the pride of the Russian fleet. Publisher DeAgostini(DeAgostini).
Each issue collections of the Twelve Apostles includes a magazine and a set of parts for building a ship model. You will receive everything, including hull parts, sails, decor items, guns.
In the magazine you will find detailed step-by-step instructions for assembling the model, and interesting information about the military fleets - from the beginning of using a sail to the present day. Learn more about the history of Russian and world navigation and shipbuilding, the participation of the fleet in various wars, battles in which ships under the St.Andrew's flag took part.
Ship model Twelve Apostles
With the collection of Twelve Apostles, you can build a magnificent model of the battleship, which was the pride of the Russian fleet! Even if you have not yet had the experience of creating ship models, thanks to the detailed illustrated instructions in the magazine, build model Twelve Apostles will be easy.
Magazine
Each issue of the collection includes a fascinating 20-page magazine. Get to know the history of the sailing fleet, the formation and development of the regular Russian fleet, the exploits of sailors who fought under the St.Andrew's flag.
Each issue the Twelve Apostles magazine subdivided into two parts.
Historical part
You will learn how the development of military fleets went from antiquity to the era of steam, when sails finally lost their meaning on warships. Particular attention will be paid to the Russian fleet, the history of its creation, long-distance campaigns and fierce battles, great victories and tragic failures.
The battleship Twelve Apostles was built shortly before the start Crimean War, and it is natural that the terrible events of 1853-1856 had a direct impact on his fate. Therefore, the events of that time will be described in particular detail. Many other interesting topics will not be ignored, such as the history of naval weapons, disasters at sea, myths and legends associated with the sea and ships.
You can learn a lot of interesting things from the sections devoted to the sails of the XX and XXI centuries, sailing trap ships that fought with submarines, the last sailing raid that went out to hunt for merchant ships during the First World War, and even sailing torpedo bombers.
You will discover the amazing world of maritime history of the times when people were not afraid to challenge the elements and enemies, going to sea on very small ships, many of which are inferior in size to modern boats.
Part Two - Assembly Guide
This section will guide you step by step in building an excellent 12 Apostles battleship model. Carefully designed step-by-step instructions will make assembly fun, and helpful tips will help you avoid mistakes.
The first issue also contains advice for novice modelers, recommendations for the correct and rational organization of the workplace, the selection of tools and consumables.
- History of military fleets
- Maritime museum
- Assembly guide
- Recommendations for modelers
Release Schedule
No. 1 - Parts for assembly, glue, sandpaper holder, DVD disc - 01/18/2013
No. 2 - Parts for assembly, tweezers, file - 02/08/2013
No. 3 - Parts for assembly - 02/15/2013
No. 4 - Parts for assembly - 02/22/2013
No. 5 - parts for assembly - 03/01/2013
How many issues
Total planned 120 issues.
Promotional video
Forum
As already mentioned, the new battleship had very powerful artillery. On its gon-deck (lower cannon deck) there were 28 of the best guns in service with the Russian Navy - 68-pound bombers, complemented by two pairs of long 36-pounder cannons, bow and stern.
On the midship deck (middle cannon deck) - 34 short 36-pounder cannons; the same number of guns of the same caliber were placed on the opera deck (upper cannon deck), but, unlike the midship deck, there were cannon carronades. Another twenty-four 24-pounder cannon-carronades were on the upper deck - the quarterdeck and the tank.
Already in its first campaign - in 1842 - the "Twelve Apostles" under the command of Kornilov became an exemplary ship. Vladimir Alekseevich was a champion of the strictest discipline, but he made every effort to provide not only full, but also varied nutrition for sailors, arrange their life, and prevent diseases. For example, he demanded that watchkeepers should always be warmly dressed at night. Great importance was attached to cleanliness: this not only allowed the ship to be kept in perfect condition, but also served as the prevention of many diseases.
The requirements for the commanding staff were no less stringent. Knowing perfectly all the intricacies of the service, Kornilov did not allow deviations from the rules, laxity, the desire to shift his responsibilities to subordinates. Not everyone liked this, it was especially difficult for the officers who arrived from the Baltic Fleet. Many - both former Balts and "indigenous" Black Sea residents - tried to evade service with such a boss, but Kornilov's exactingness had the best effect on the ship's combat capability and crew training. If we add to this the emphatically attentive attitude of MP Lazarev to his beloved brainchild, then one can understand the enthusiastic response of His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov - a man of "evil-tongued", inclined to mockingly derogatory characteristics and very stingy with praise. He wrote to the emperor: “... I must say that the serviceability and cleanliness of this squadron exceeded all my expectations, especially the brilliant condition in which the ship“ Twelve Apostles ”(captain of the first rank Kornilov) is located, the cleanliness of weapons, excellent finishing of all details, the speed of the team in cannon training and in ship operations. " Indeed, the sails were set at remarkable speed, and the heaviest 68-pound guns achieved an amazing rate of fire for that time: a shot in two minutes.
In 1845, the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was sailing on the "Twelve Apostles", who was completely delighted with such a perfect and beautiful ship. Appreciated the Grand Duke and the training of the team, the accuracy of the service, the ability of the captain to organize exercises. Konstantin Nikolaevich even recommended that the methods of training artillery servants developed by Kornilov be applied everywhere. Emperor Nicholas I, who arrived in Sevastopol to hold the highest review of the fleet, was also pleased. He also said that such a ship would do honor to any fleet in the world, and expressed special gratitude to Lazarev for the excellent training and excellent condition of the Black Sea Fleet. Mikhail Petrovich, in a letter to one of his friends, proudly informed that the sovereign's gratitude brought him great joy. But in the same letter, the experienced admiral complained about the state of the Baltic Fleet, since much of what surprised the emperor was considered the norm for the Black Sea people ... Kornilov soon received a promotion, became chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, and the new commander of the Twelve Apostles was Lieutenant Commander V.A.Yergomyshev was appointed.
The performance characteristics of the ship "Twelve Apostles"
Displacement, t:
full ................................................. ..................... 4789.98
empty ship ................................................ .. 3848.40
Length between perpendiculars ft-inches (m) 211-2 (64.36)
Width at cargo waterline, feet — inches, (m):
without cladding. 57-10 (17.68)
with casing ...... 59-6 (18.14)
Intry depth from keel to top edge of gong-deck beams, ft-inches, (m) ... ... 27-6 (8.38)
Hon-deck length, feet-inches, (m) 208-9 (68.63)
Keel length, ft-inches, (m) 193-9 (59.06)
Depth fully loaded, feet — inches, (m):
akhtergitevnem 25-9 (7.85)
stem 24-6 (7.47)
Sail area, m2 .............................................. ........................ about 4000
Travel speed, knots .............................................. ........................ 12
Armament:
68-pound bomb cannons, 28 (originally 32)
long 36-pounder cannons ... 4 (instead of 68-pounder bombers)
short 36-pounder cannons 34
36lb Cannon Carronade 34
24 Pound Cannon Carronade 24
Crew, people ……………………………………………… .. up to 1000 (including 12 officers)
He continued training the team in the Kornilov tradition, not allowing indulgences, and also trying to take care of his subordinates.
In 1848, a clear and sharp deterioration in relations with Turkey began. In the fall of the next year, Lazarev received a secret order from St. Petersburg to develop a project for an amphibious operation on the Bosphorus, with the involvement of numerous army forces. The admiral, who had experience in organizing landings, was able to prepare a detailed, carefully thought out and quite feasible plan. According to him, it was supposed to transfer an amphibious corps of 30,000 people to the Turkish coast, 55 ships of various classes should be used for transportation. A special role was assigned to steamships and the most powerful battleships - the 120-gun ships "Twelve Apostles" and "Three Saints".
According to modern historians, such an operation was quite feasible. Given the not very successful actions of the Turkish troops in previous campaigns (against rebellious Egypt), as well as knowing about their not very high training and combat capability during the Crimean War, such a point of view should be considered justified. GA Grebenshchikova points out directly - Lazarev “... believed that the Russian troops and the fleet to break through to the Bosphorus in order to capture the strait was not only justified, but also quite real from the point of view of the threat emanating from Turkey and the situation that existed at that time balance of forces ". But it was decided to abandon the landing operation at that time for various reasons, and when a few years later the war with Turkey nevertheless began, the Russian fleet had to reckon with the threat of the appearance in the Black Sea of Anglo-French squadrons, which had not only quantitative, but and quality superiority due to the presence of propeller driven ships in their composition.
In 1849, the command of the "Twelve Apostles" was taken over by an experienced officer, one of the future heroes of the Crimean War, Captain 1st Rank Alexander Ivanovich Panfilov.
He had to seriously deal with the training of personnel, since instead of many old-time non-commissioned officers and sailors, a young, insufficiently trained replenishment appeared on the ship.
In 1850, the "Twelve Apostles" was again visited by the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, who not only dined on the flagship with all the officers and admirals, but also went out to sea on it for exercises. As before, the titled guest was completely delighted with what he saw.
That year, Admiral Lazarev was awarded the highest order Russian Empire- Andrew the First-Called.
In the meantime, Mikhail Petrovich's health deteriorated markedly. The first signs of illness appeared in him as early as 1843, but the valiant sailor did not want to pay due attention to them. But at the beginning of 1851 he finally fell ill and with the permission of the emperor went abroad for treatment. Alas, the then medicine was absolutely powerless against the disease, which in the XXI century. They are far from always able to heal ... On April 11, 1851, Admiral Lazarev died in Vienna from stomach cancer; buried the outstanding admiral in the Sevastopol Vladimir Cathedral.
The severance of relations with Turkey occurred two years later - in May 1853, the Black Sea Fleet continued to pay great attention to combat training. During the summer exercises "The Twelve Apostles", despite the rather decent, by Russian standards, service life, he again was able to demonstrate his excellent sea qualities. During the race of ships, he distinguished himself by speed, combined with excellent maneuverability for such a large sailing ship, and was also recognized as easy to control. The team skillfully coped with various exercises (launching rowing boats, setting and removing sails), the gunners fired quickly and accurately. One of the elements of the summer exercises was the testing of a breakthrough to the Sevastopol raid carried out in early August by a squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Kornilov, who flew the flag on his favorite ship, the Twelve Apostles.
Meanwhile, the threat of war was growing. At the end of August, the governor in the Caucasus M.S.Vorontsov turned to the emperor with a request to reinforce the troops in the Transcaucasus. Nicholas I made the appropriate decision very quickly, and already at the beginning of September the Black Sea Fleet was charged with transferring the 13th Infantry Division (16,393 people) to the Caucasus from Sevastopol with two artillery batteries, a wagon train, horses and a 30-day supply of food. On the orders of Menshikov, Kornilov was preparing the transportation of troops, who determined the composition of the forces: 12 battleships, two frigates, two corvettes, seven steamers, 11 transports. Vice-Admiral PS Nakhimov was to command the entire "armada".
The landing of troops (at that time they said - embarctation) began on September 14, and after three days the squadron was at sea. Nakhimov raised the flag on the ship "Great Duke Constantine", and on the "Twelve Apostles" was the junior flagship, who had already received the rank of Rear Admiral A. I. Panfilov. The ship, commanded by Captain 2nd Rank A. X. Vink, took on board 1,466 soldiers and officers of the Bialystok Regiment, who were safely disembarked on September 24 in Anakria. But probably, due to the overload, a leak opened on the ship, and upon returning to Sevastopol he had to get up for repairs. The work was completed only in February of the following year, so the battleship did not participate in the autumn campaigns and the famous Battle of Sinop.
After the appearance in the Black Sea of large forces of the British and French fleets, the Russian command decided to abandon the exit of the squadron to meet the enemy and concentrate all efforts on protecting Sevastopol. Part of the artillery was removed from the Twelve Apostles and transferred to the land fortifications; one of the batteries was even called the Twelve Apostolic. The sailors also went ashore. In December 1854, a floating hospital was set up on the battleship, and on the night of February 13-14, 1855, by order of Nakhimov, it was flooded between the Nikolaevskaya and Mikhailovskaya batteries. When, after the war, work began on cleaning the fairway, it turned out that it was not possible to lift the hull of a battleship deep into the silt. In 1861 it had to be blown up.
At the beginning of the 19th century
on the stocks of the Nikolaev shipyard were laid three-deck 120-gun battleships (battleships) of the same type, the lead "Twelve Apostles", as well as "Grand Duke Constantine" and "Paris". These ships were built by Captain S.I. CHERNYAVSKY, an outstanding Russian shipbuilder. Admiral Mikhail Petrovich LAZAREV, Commander-in-Chief of the Black Sea Fleet, participated in the design of the lead battleship. The ship "The Twelve Apostles" was launched on July 27 (15 according to the old style), 1841. the width of the vessel is 18 m., the length is 63.7 m. Twenty-eight 68-pound powerful bombs were placed on the lower deck of the ship. LEKHNER, which had a firing range of 14 cables (approximately 2600 m). The other two artillery decks (decks) were equipped with 36- and 24-pounder guns. There were 130 guns in total. The crew of the ship is about 1000 people, including 12 officers and 65 non-commissioned officers. The name "120-gun" did not indicate the number of guns, but meant that the ship was rank I. Strong artillery weapons, excellent seaworthiness, maneuverability, high speed (with a tailwind up to 12 knots) put the ships of this series among the best battleships in the world of the sailing period. During the defense of Sevastopol, the battleship Twelve Apostles, along with other ships of the Black Sea Fleet, was sunk at the entrance to the Northern Bay.
V. DYGALO, M. AVERYANOV "History of the ship"
What was the anatomy of the future model of ship architecture?
The most important longitudinal base of the ship, the keel, was made double and consisted of two rows of trees. The upper row was connected by horizontal locks in the overlay, parts of the lower row were connected vertically on thorns and fastened with coke made of wood. The developer of this keel design, Oliver Lang, is a senior naval engineer at the Woolwich Admiralty. For the first time O. Lang proposed his method in 1833, and in the next year it was used on all ships of Her Majesty's fleet. Along, the keel consisted of 11 - 12 pieces of oak beams. In the manufacture of the keel, a tree that is well preserved in the water has always been used, it is strong and capable of withstanding the lateral pressure of water and a large number of bolts (in England, the keel was made from an elm).
In wooden shipbuilding, a peculiar method of articulating a typesetting tree in length was used with the help of wooden cokes and locks. The manufacture of such locks was entrusted not to any carpenter, but to the most experienced artisans, because it was the cokes and locks that played a key role in the strong fastening of the parts of the set, and the strength of the entire body depended on their reliability. There were several types of locks: smooth,
with a thorn, with a tooth,
frying pan, checkerboard, stretch
other. To obtain maximum strength, tar paper was placed in the joints of the keel locks, and hot liquid resin was poured into the nests. all the bonding cokes in the hull structure were impregnated with hemp oil.
1 - resenkil 2 - keel tongue 3 - keel 4 - false keel On the lateral edges of the keel, in its upper part, a tongue was chosen according to the pattern for the subsequent insertion of the skin. The tongue was in the shape of an equilateral triangle, each side of which was equal to the thickness of the sheathing board.
The dimensions of the Twelve Apostles' keel were 1 foot 9 "(0.53 m) wide amidships, 25" (0.64 m) high, 1 foot 4 "(0.41 m) wide aft 38 '' (0.97 m) high, 1 foot b '' (0.46 m) wide at the bow, 32 '' (0.81 m) high.
The false keel was 6 inches (152 mm) thick and as wide as the keel was under the main keel. It also consisted of several pieces of wood, and their joints were between the locks of the lower row of the main keel. The false keel was intentionally weakly attached with the keel, and when it hit the ground or stones, it easily came off without damaging the main keel. , He also contributed to the reduction of ship lag on the go.
Above the keel there was a resenkil necessary for installing straight frames on it. Kilson supplemented the longitudinal strength of the ship, it was located on the floor timbers.
The stems were installed after the keel was laid. The achtersteven was a straight oak tree 33 feet long (about 10 m) thick at the top, equal to the width of the keel amidships. It was installed on the aft edge of the keel on a thorn. At its leading edge, a tongue was selected for the admission of the sheathing boards. .For more reliable fastening of the outer skin and the attachment of gaspis, the oak falstar post was attached to the sternpost with a checkerboard lock on the coke, To connect with the keel below, the falstar post ended with a thorn.
1- false keel; 2 keel; 3 - fortimbers: 4-bow deadwood. 3 - keelson; 6 - falstem book 7 - fapstom. 8- stem; 9 - grep; 10 - kniavdiged, 11 - lisel-indiged (support of the nasal figure),: 12 - beams; 13 - pillers. 14- stern deadwood; 15-heel keel; 16 - stern post. 1 - ssharn-knitsa The steering wheel was hung on the sternpost
with the help of special loops and hooks. The handlebar loops were 4 1/2 "(114 mm) wide, 9 feet (2.74 m) long, 1" (25.4 mm) thick at the end and 3 "(76.2 mm) at the knee, diameter - 2 inches (50.8 mm).
The rudder in width consisted of several trees: the closest to the sternpost, going from the keel to the top and forming the steering head, was called ruderpis, and the farthest was the rudder blade. Both of these pieces were cut from oak, and the intermediate pieces of wood were made from pine to reduce weight. To protect the handlebars from damage, 5 "(127 mm) thick planks were nailed to the heel of the handlebars. The total thickness of the rudder was equal to the thickness of the sternpost, the width of the rudder at the keel was equal to the width of the ship's keel, the width at the cargo waterline was equal to 1/4 of the lower width. The largest steering angle was 35 °.
I. Head of the steering wheel; 2. Tiller; 3. Star-post; 4. Internal falstarnpost; 5. Bottom bar in the shape of an arc; 6. Sheet pile; 7. Steering wheel; 8. Cover. 9. Steering hook; 10. Back side; II. Groove; 12. Small; 13. Heel; 14. Keel: 15. Falsekil; 16. The upper web is in the form of an arc. Lifting and installing stems
As well as all similar elements of the hull set, which had a large mass and size, during the construction of the ship, they were carried out using verbs - special tall arrows, and guineas - powerful hoists. Immediately after installing the rods and strengthening them with stops or stands, the correctness of their installation was checked with a sling. At the shipyard, special workers were invited to carry out such an operation, distinguished by their visual acuity and eye training. These people were well known in the Admiralty. They were called watchful-eyed. There were no more than ten of them and they were highly regarded. To the middle of the upper part of the stem, the keen-eyed fastened a cord, and led its other end to the middle of the keel a little further than the extreme straight frame. Plumb lines were lowered from the stretched cord, which were strictly on the same line.
With the help of rails with control marks, the inclination of the stem from the first straight frame and the bow perpendicular marked on the plaza was checked. One rod was applied to the keel, and the other perpendicular to the first.
On a square, hammered on the plaza, the slope of the sternpost was checked by applying it with one side to the keel, and the other to the tongue in the sternpost. If the pins were right, then the marks were the same. The embeddable parts of the set, at the end of the sling, were strengthened and connected by the stern and bow sternwoods, according to their height, the sternwoods consisted of several parts, knitted with chess locks and connected to the stems and keel with through bolts. The ends of the stern deadwood had spikes that cut into the falstarpost.
Straight frames
were one of the main elements of the hull set. They were made from several rows of trees and were double. The bottom was formed by - floor and semi-floor-timber, the bottom row of frames. Fooxes were attached to them, stacks of wooden cokes made of dry, hard wood of a cylindrical shape, this numbly increased the strength of the set. Frames were subdivided into real and additional. Frames that reached the gunwale, placed perpendicular to the keel and not cut by the ports were called real. Additional frames were cut by gun ports. They were all double as well. The center line of a double straight frame was called a flap and corresponded to the theoretical frame. Previously, the frames were assembled on a flat horizontal plane according to the patterns to attract the parts. The first row, which consisted of two half-timber and odd numbers of foots, was knitted first, and then the top row, consisting of one floor timber, even numbers of fooths and top timber. All parts of the frames were secured with cokes 3 1/2 "(88.9 mm) long and 2 1/2" (63.5 mm) thick. Considering that the weight of the entire frame assembly alone reached 12 tons, it was lifted in parts: first, floortimbers with semi-flattembers and the first footers, installing them with maximum accuracy on the resenkil and securing them with supports. Then they raised the side and upper parts, strengthening them also with stands and shergen (strong slats), shallowly cutting the shergen into the frames. According to the available control marks on the shergen, the correct assembly of the frames was checked. Subsequently, temporary bridges were arranged on the Shergen, which served as scaffolding, which were removed after the position of the sheathing with the Shergen together.
After installation, all straight frames were fixed, i.e. the set was checked, the purpose of which was to obtain three main results: the plane of the straight frame should be exactly perpendicular to the center plane and the keel; the middle of the frame must be in the center plane; the width of the frame at different points must coincide with the splash markings and the drawing.
From two control points marked on the branches of the frame and located at an equal distance, both from the middle of the frame and from the middle of the keel, the distance to an arbitrary point on the centerline of the keel outside the plane of the frame was measured. If the distances coincided, then this meant that the frame was perpendicular to the center plane. A plumb board with a marked slip angle was used to check the perpendicularity of the frame with respect to the keel. It was applied with an edge to the side of the frame and the coincidence of the angles was checked by the plumb line. A plumb line was lowered from the middle of the upper shergen. The plumb line had to pass through the midpoints of all shergens to the middle of the keel. The third result was checked by the control points of the buttocks drawn on the plaza. At the end of the sling, the set was fastened with fish from pine beams to hold it to the position of the sheathing.
Bow and stern ends of the ship
climbed by turning frames. In general, all rotary and straight frames were made with a spacer. This constructive solution made it possible for air to circulate freely between the typesetting tree, contributed to the lightening of the entire surface of the vessel and had great importance for its stability. A document was found in the Russian State Academy of Aviation and Military Sciences, which served as proof of the borrowing of such a method from the English system. This is a genuine report of Staff Captain I.S.DMITRIEV to Vice-Admiral M.P. LAZAREV from Portsmouth dated June 1, 1837 with a resolution of the chief commander of the fleet to immediately bring this very important method to the attention of all naval engineers. In particular, I.S.DMITRIEV wrote: "all frames in the raft do not connect, but have holes for free air flow ..." he further reported that the British had found a way to prevent dry rot in the underwater part by sealing the spacing with dry wood gaskets. In the hold, the spacing up to the velvet was tightly clogged with gaskets of dry oak, thoroughly caulked, and poured on top with cement mixed not with water, but with a special composition of hemp oil and whitewash. resin, pumped through by means of an injection pump, this was done to stop air access to the underwater part of the ship as much as possible - so that it could not deteriorate and contaminate the entire set. Due to the resulting obstacles to the approach of the frames, the danger of compression and bending in the hold was also excluded.
For the prospects of shipbuilding at the Black Sea shipyards, according to the document presented, in addition to the resolution of the chief commander of the fleet, the conclusion of the shipbuilding and accounting committee in Nikolaev was of great importance: way to leave. "
Vice-Admiral M. P. LAZAREV Swivel frames consisted of two branches (from the stem, one on the right and the other on the left), each of which, like straight frames, was knitted from two rows of trees. The lower ones were called long timber in one row and gulf timber in the other. The pivoting frames, extreme to the stem, were called nokol-timbers, and to the stern-post fashenpisy. They were attached with the lower ends to the deadwoods and connected to them with through bolts. By the coincidence of the control points, the correctness of the installation on the rotary frames and fish was checked.
The space between the last turning frame and the stem was taken up by crooked trees - gaspis, which rested with their lower ends against the zero timber. Gaspis at the place where the bowsprit was fortified were longer. They were fastened together with pointed long bolts. The gaspis nearest to the stem were called nedgedians - they strengthened the bowsprit from the sides. They were attached to the stem with coke. Since the pivoting frames did not have floortimbers, additional fastening was carried out using craters in the stern and breasts in the bow.
I. Keel; 2. Grep; 3. and 5. Knyavdiged; 4. Stem; 6. Herbrocket; 7.Knitsa of water-wading; 8. Nedgs (also known as bollard rimhers); 9. Nasal bulkhead; 10. Planer of the tank; II.Kat-beam; 12. Kluzy; 13. Holes for water-wells; 14. Holes for water-stay; 15. Straight frames; 16. Rotary frames; 17. Gaspis; 18. Intermediate frames; 19. Double frames. Since 1821 in Russia
the hold was fastened according to the R. SEPPINGS system, based on the use of diagonal strips - riders and braces.
In the aforementioned report, Staff Captain I.S.DMITRIEV indicated that SEPPINGS 'successor W. SYMONDS replaced the wooden riders and braces with 1/4 "thick and 6" wide iron riders, which significantly reduced the mass of the ship.
This innovation was first applied during the construction of the "Twelve Apostles".
The main part of the diagonal set in the hold was made up of iron riders, which contributed to the strengthening of the longitudinal strength of the ship. They were located obliquely towards the middle of the ship, the bow riders were inclined towards the stern, the stern - towards the bow. Diagonal iron braces were laid perpendicular to the readers. In the bow and stern above the keelson, the riders were fastened and tied with a thick iron bar.
Several rooms in the hold of the ship were divided by bulkheads. In the aft part of the hold, large stocks of provisions were kept in barrels, mainly oil and corned beef, dry food stocks were stored in separate storerooms; the main reserves of fresh water were located here. Next came the officer's, captain's, admiral's provision cellars and individual wine cellars. A significant place in the central part of the hold was allocated for cast iron ballast. In the bow there were a kryuyt-chamber and a bomb cellar, lined with thin lead sheets, where boxes with cannonballs, bombs and powder charges were kept. Gunpowder was placed in special measuring canvas bags - caps. Behind the bulkhead, in a separate room, hung a chamber lamp. Several voluminous water tanks were always kept near the cruise chamber - at that time this was the only fire safety measure.
The "Twelve Apostles" had an orlop (cockpit), three gun decks (gon-decks, mid-decks and opera-decks), as well as quarter-decks and yut. The assembled set was left to dry for several months before starting to mark the heights of the deck lines and lay the planking. After drying, the decks were marked. It was one of the fundamental, important and difficult moments in the construction of the ship, and here they could not do without the "watchful eyes" either. The marking technology was as follows: they made a rule (according to the measurements taken from the drawing, on the plaza), marked on it the height of the deck lines from the keel at the midship frame and at some randomly selected frames. The rule was then set with its lower mark vertically at the same height as the keel and applied horizontally to the mark showing the position of the deck, shergen (rail). The "watchful eyes" accurately determined the location of the lower battery deck, having received the desired mark on the buttocks of the midship frame. The rest of the selected frames were marked in the same way. Further, according to the marks made, a black rail was nailed along the entire length of the ship, the deck line was finally drawn along it by eye. From the resulting line, all other decks were marked, running in parallel, as well as places for embedding port jambs. The deck flooring was longitudinal, made of pine planks, but on the lower gun deck, where the bomb cannons were located, it was made of oak. Copper scupper pipes were used to pass water overboard from the decks. 
Ship builders
it was necessary to find such a method of fastening the ship's beams with the side, which would provide the ship with transverse strength as much as possible.
Additional strength of the ship was provided by the inner plating, which consisted of fenders, waterways, cleats, spirkeetins, limberboard belts and interport plating.
Fastening beams with a side
on the ship "The Twelve Apostles" was carried out according to the W. SYMONDS system. The study of the sliding model of the "Twelve Apostles", and the reports of the ship engineers from Plymouth and Portsmouth for 1836-1837, made it possible to reconstruct the method completely introduced by him. Engineers wrote in their reports: “in the fastening of the beams to the side of the ship, no clamps are made, but only thick fenders, which are attached directly to the set ... Breasts and brushes are made of iron. This is quite beneficial because there remains a lot of space in the hold ... ”The principle of the W. SYMONDS system was that the fenders were placed directly on the set, and not on the cleats, as in R. SEPPINGS, but made them thicker and wider. They consisted of several parts, connected on coke by vertical locks. Between the upper cut of the ports and the fenders, a tie was attached, and the gaps between the ports were sewn up with solid boards. Beams were cut from three pieces, fastened together with vertical locks with teeth, and an iron wedge was inserted into each tooth along the entire width of the beams. The ends of the beams were placed on the fenders for better fastening to the set, and on top of them there was a massive waterway.
Fastening of beams with the side of the ship according to the U.Simonds system, Inner plating One of the main elements in the practice of shipbuilding, along with bonding cokes and locks, were iron forked knots, with which the beams were fastened to the side of the ship. SIMONDS gave these knits a special shape: one branch went around the fender, under the beam, and two more branches covered the beam from the sides. Such an attachment made the beams almost motionless during the roll. Sea trials carried out after the descent showed a clear advantage of the "Twelve Apostles" over previously built ships.
It is pertinent to make a small comparison
during the period under review with shipbuilding at the Baltic shipyards. The source for such a comparison was the correspondence between the Shipbuilding Department and the Shipbuilding and Accounting Committee in March 1840 after receiving information about the introduction of the W. SYIMONDS system by Admiral M.P. LAZAREV at the Black Sea shipyards. This exchange of views arose in connection with the laying of the laying of the new 84-gun ship Vyborg and the discussion on what system should be used to build it. As a result, it was decided to convene all the senior ship engineers of St. Petersburg to a meeting. They expressed an opinion that allows us to conclude that there are no significant innovations in the Baltic that have already been introduced in the Black Sea. In particular, the opinion of the engineers about knits was as follows: “... fitting knits into place according to the SYMONDS system is more difficult than according to the SEPPINGS system, both in terms of the polygonal and curved shape of these knits, and because they are attached to a smooth-curved wall ... will be put in considerable difficulty to fit the knit tightly ... If fitting into the places of the iron Simonds knits does not encounter any particular difficulties in England, where knits are made near shipbuilding, then in our country, far from the shipyards of the Izhora plant, due to lack of forges in shipbuilding, mechanical hammers and due to the lack of skilled artisans, it is necessary to meet, if not special difficulties, then at least great slowness in attaching and fitting these knits into place ... ".
The shipbuilders of St. Petersburg were of the same opinion that in practice the system of the main royal shipbuilder W. SYMONDS was still completely unfamiliar to them, and that it would be easier to adhere to the old methods of building ships. Thus, only thanks to the activities of Admiral M.P. LAZAREV, aimed at equipping the Nikolaev workshops with the latest equipment, as well as training ship engineers in England, it became possible to use new technologies in the construction of high-class ships.
In order for the deck flooring to turn out to be strong enough, especially on the rut deck, as well as to connect the beams with each other, the decks were cut. Carlengs were placed between the beams under the deck, and ledges were placed across the ship between them. At the locations of the hatches, three belts of thick oak coamings were laid along the perimeter, 1 inch thicker than the rest of the flooring. After the decks were cut, the flooring itself was piled, its thickness ranged from 5 to 2 inches from the lower deck (from 127 to 51 mm) with planks from 5 to 7 inches (127 to 178 mm) wide.
Cladding method
in wooden shipbuilding, it was distinguished by its precision of execution and a high degree of complexity. Moreover, there were such rules. The joints located on one frame were placed through three belts, and each board tied two or three ports. The joints should not have been closer than three sheathing belts under or above the docks. The planks were at least 24 feet long. The ends of the planks should be crosswise, avoiding ledges or stairs. At the ends of the boards, one bolt and a ruff were passed through each row of frames. In the middle part of the hull, ruffs, bolts, and dowels, located one after the other, were used to fasten the boards. The metal fastening went along the entire length of the ship and alternated with a dowel made of oak.
The main parts of the outer plating on the "Twelve Apostles", as on ships of the 120-gun rank, were velvet, which had such names; Main Wels, Midship Wels, Chanel Wels, Shier Wels. The rest of the belts were gunwale, black, piers, tongue-and-groove, and just underwater cladding. Maine Wels ran along the widest hull in its entire length and consisted of eight thick planks. Traditionally, the thickness of the Main Wels was equal to half the thickness of the keel at midship. Midshipl Wels consisted of six belts of thick planks and ran between the ports of the gon-deck and the mid-deck. Then came the canel-wels and the shier-wels. The black belt passed over the Main Wels and was intended to smoothly reduce the thickness of the boards between the velvet and interport planking. A gunwale passed from above along the edges of the top-timbers. The barhouts formed a longitudinal connection above the cargo waterline, and the beautiful appearance also depended on the symmetrical curvature of the sides achieved.
Boards, before proceeding with the casing, were pre-steamed in a steam box. The method of hovering boards, as such, was used even under Peter I, but due to the fact that this required special skill, sometimes they did without steaming. It was quite difficult to steam boards with a thickness of 6 or 7 inches (152 - 178 mm), therefore, before putting them in the steam box, they were sawn with one or two cuts, but not along the entire length, but as much as was necessary for a sharp turn. The steamed board was immediately attached to its place, and a thin pine board was also placed on this board to avoid cracks. Then the boards were attached to the set with one end, and the other began to bend with the help of grips - a very thin log with grooves at the ends for ropes. The lower end of the grips was tied to the set, the upper end was attached to the top of the board. Thus, the grips pressed the board to the set, and several dozen more artisans, leaning on them with force, finally secured the sheathing boards. Sometimes a wedge was driven between the board and the grip. Considering the size of the "Twelve Apostles" and the thickness of the cladding boards, in addition to the grips, simple and two-wheeled jacks were also used to secure them.
From the cargo waterline, the underwater part of the hull
sheathed with copper sheets 4 feet (1219 mm) long, 14 "(356 mm) wide, and 1/16" (1.6 mm) thick. Each sheet contained 106 copper nails 11/2 "(38 mm) long. Metal cladding in general has been known for a long time. The British claimed that in the second half of the 17th century they began sheathing the keel with thin lead sheets, and in 1761 the entire underwater part of the frigate "Alarm" was sheathed with copper. By the early 1790s, copper plating was introduced throughout His Majesty's navy.
The decree on the introduction of copper plating in Russia was issued on October 23, 1781, and already in the next year, 1782, the frigate "Holy Mary" was built, the underwater part of which was completely sheathed with copper. This frigate, in comparison with others, turned out to be much more maneuverable and fast. Galyun was an adornment of the bow of the "Twelve Apostles", which as a whole had a great influence on the general appearance of the ship itself. The base of the latrine was a princediged, which consisted of three parts in height, fastened with chess locks. The upper part was called princevdiged, the middle part - the water cutter was at the level of the cargo waterline, below there was a grep. In width, the princediged consisted of several pieces of wood: a bekpis, in the center of which a bow figure was attached, an indiged fox and indiged stands. The indiged standers went as far as the bowsprit and was the foundation for it. The remaining space between the fox and the indiged stands was strengthened with wooden wedges - chaks. The thickness of the princediged was equal to the thickness of the stem, and towards the tip it decreased to 1/3. One beam was fastened with a checkerboard lock below the cargo waterline to the grep. An oak pillow was put on the ends of all the pieces of the princelyged.
Figure of a two-headed eagle
adorned the nose of the Twelve Apostles, as well as an exquisitely carved garland of acanthus curls. The fully finished princediged was lifted with arrows and fastened to the stem with long through bolts. Knyavdiged was strengthened from the sides with knits (chiks), four on each side. Chicks with their branches rose to the backpees, observing a smooth curvature. The skill of the builders consisted in the fact that they were able to create such a visual perception of the entire bow of the ship, when the lines of the chicks were, as it were, a continuation of the lines of the ship itself, the latrine with them constituted a single whole.
Thick, rounded beams (splashes) on the outside were installed under the lower chicks, capable of withstanding strong impacts of waves. On the upper chicks, on both sides of the princediged, crooked indiged timbers were installed and reinforced with rails. On the upper ends of the indiged timbers, latrine beams were applied and connected with a lock - a frying pan. Longitudinal carlens were placed between the latrine beams at a distance equal to half the bowsprit diameter from the midline, and the space between the upper railing, latrine beams and carlens was taken up with thin ledges, as a result of which a latrine area was formed. On the sides in the bow of the ship there were haws for passing through them anchor chain ropes.
One of the main differences between the Twelve Apostles and earlier ships was that it had an elliptical stern. The replacement of the traditional rectangular straight stern with a round one carried out by R. SEPPINGS gave the ships significant advantages, first of all, a decrease in the load on the stern during pitching and an increase in the firing sector.
W. SIMONDS slightly modified the round stern
Giving it the shape of a nicely outlined ellipse. The calculation of the slope of the stern was carried out according to the formula: width of the rudder in the head + thickness of gaspis along the pattern + thickness of the inner skin.
After installing the gaspis, cornices made of several pieces of wood were attached to their lower and upper knees - the lower and upper counter-rails. The upper counter-rails were the basis for the aft windows of the wardroom.
The third foot-rail cornice was at the quarter-deck level. Pilasters were made in the pro-walls under this cornice, between which frames were inserted for the windows of the admiral's cabin, and opposite the windows of the admiral's and captain's cabins there were aft balconies.
At the level of the quarter-deck windows there was a fourth cornice - a brestreel, above the upper windows was the last, fifth cornice - a sink.
Along the side stern lines, above the lower gun deck, side galleries were made, having the shape of flat turrets. They were also decorated with rails, pilasters, shells and windows. The side galleries contained the officers' toilets and bathrooms.
The central aft decoration was the balconies made of sturdy thick planks and trimmed on the outside with cornices and pilasters. An easily removable iron lattice passed around the balconies. The majesty of the ship was completed by the gilding of the stern carvings, side stubs and a double-headed eagle (beak, crown and claws) with gold leaf.
For the construction of the "Twelve Apostles"
went 353 cubic feet (10 m3) of oak forest, 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3) of pine forest, 1800 poods (29.486 tons) of nails, 4000 poods (65.524 tons) of copper, 14000 poods (229.334 tons) of iron, 300 pieces of iron forked knits, 700 poods (11.467 tons) of walnut, 5300 pieces of copper sheathing sheets, 180 poods (2.949 tons) of hemp oil, 120 poods (1.966 tons) of chalk, 30 poods (0.491 tons) of lard, 1200 poods (19.657 tons) ) liquid resin, 400 poods (6.552 tons) of thick resin. 520 artisans were involved - carpenters, sawmills, blacksmiths, joiners, caulkers and workers of other specialties.
Journal of the Twelve Apostles publishing houses DeAgostini(DeAgostini) - Collect the amazing sailing ship The Twelve Apostles, the pride of the Russian navy in the 19th century.
In addition to interesting informative information, each issue of the Twelve Apostles collection contains detailed instructions for assembling the model and a set of necessary elements.
Twelve Apostles Release Schedule
Twelve Apostles No. 1 - 01/18/2013
Parts for assembly (the bow part of the keel, supports for the elements of the bow part - 2 pcs., Pads for strengthening the bow part - 2 pcs., The bow frame, elements for forming the contours of the bow part of the hull - 2 pcs., The lower part of the second frame, branches of the second frame - 2 pieces, 24 lb gun parts), glue, sandpaper holder, DVD disc
Twelve Apostles # 2 - 02/15/2013
Details for assembly: (third and fourth frames, branches of the third frame - 2 pcs., Branches of the fourth frame - 2 pcs.), Tweezers, file
Twelve Apostles # 3 - 02.22.2013
Details for assembly: (the first part of the central keel, the lower part of the fifth frame, elements for strengthening the keel joints - 2 pcs., Anchor parts, brown thread 0.15 * 1000mm, brown thread 1.5 * 1000 mm (?))
Twelve Apostles # 4 - 03/01/2013
Details for assembly: (the second half of the central part of the keel, the lower part of the sixth frame, branches of the fifth frame - 2 pcs., Branches of the sixth frame - 2 pcs., Elements for strengthening the keel joints - 2 pcs.)
Twelve Apostles # 5 - 03/08/2013
Parts for assembly: (aft part of the keel, part for forming the main mast step, the lower part of the seventh frame, parts of the working stand - 2 pcs., Elements for strengthening the keel joints - 2 pcs.)
Twelve Apostles # 6 - 03/15/2013
Details for assembly: (the seventh frame top-timbers - 2 pcs., The eighth frame top-timbers - 2 pcs., The eighth frame - 1 pc., Details of the bow of the lower gun deck - 2 pcs.)
Twelve Apostles # 7 - 03/28/2013
Parts for assembly: (parts of the ninth frame, parts of the working stand - 2 pcs., Parts of the mars - 4 pcs.)
Twelve Apostles # 8 - 03/29/2013
Parts for assembly: (details of the tenth and eleventh frames, details of the mars.)
Twelve Apostles No. 9 - 04/09/2013
Parts for assembly: (parts of the twelfth and thirteenth frames, parts of the 24-pounder carronade cannon.)
Twelve Apostles No. 10 - 04/12/2013
Details for assembly: (details of the fourteenth and fifteenth frames, details of the lower deck.)
Twelve Apostles No. 11 - 04/19/2013
Parts for assembly: (parts of the sixteenth and seventeenth frames, parts of the steering wheel.)
Twelve Apostles No. 12 - 04/26/2013
Details for assembly: (details of the eighteenth and nineteenth frames, details of the contours of the bow end.)
Twelve Apostles No. 13 - 05/03/2013
Parts for assembly: (details of the lower gun deck, details of the aft end contours.)
Twelve Apostles No. 14 - 05/10/2013
Assembly Parts: (Stern End Parts, 24 Pound Carronade Cannon Parts.)
The Twelve Apostles No. 15 - 05/17/2013
Twelve Apostles No. 16 - 05.24.2013
Twelve Apostles No. 17 - 05/31/2013
Twelve Apostles No. 18 - 06/07/2013
The Twelve Apostles No. 19 - 06/14/2013
Twelve Apostles # 20 - 06.21.2013
Twelve Apostles # 21 - 06/28/2013
Twelve Apostles No. 22 - 07/05/2013
Twelve Apostles # 23 - 07/12/2013
Twelve Apostles No. 24 - 07.19.2013
Twelve Apostles # 25 - 07.26.2013
Twelve Apostles # 26 - 08/02/2013
Twelve Apostles # 27 - 08/09/2013
Twelve Apostles # 28 - 08/16/2013
Twelve Apostles # 29 - 08/23/2013
Twelve Apostles No. 30 - 08/30/2013
The Twelve Apostles No. 31 - 09/06/2013
Total planned 120 issues
Masterpiece of Russian shipbuilding
Collection of the Twelve Apostles invites the reader to collect an exact reduced copy of a sailing ship of the time of Nicholas I, which was the pride of the Russian fleet. Even if you do not have the skills or practical experience in assembling similar models, thanks to the detailed illustrated guide in the magazine, it will not be difficult to assemble a model of this ship.
Thorough detailing - due to the exceptional detailing of all elements, the reader will be able to recreate the appearance of this magnificent vessel in the smallest detail.
Full compliance with the original - all parts and parts of the ship are made on a scale of 1: 100.
An exact reflection of the historical era - decorative elements faithfully reproduce the solemn decoration of the sailing ship.
An absolute match of sails, rigging and spars - all elements of the ship's rigging are made with amazing precision.
The combination of metal and wood - a special chic of the model is given by the cannons turned from metal and the stern, made of special ship wood.
Journal of the Twelve Apostles
Each issue of the collection is accompanied by a 20-page magazine that will acquaint the reader with the main milestones of the domestic lot, the history of its development and the exploits of sailors who fearlessly fought under the St. Andrew's banner. The magazine consists of two parts.
- Historical partThis part tells about the development of military fleets, starting from ancient times and up to the appearance of steam propulsion, when the sail finally gave way to technical progress on military ships. A special place here is occupied by the history of the Russian fleet, its victories and defeats. The reader will gain a lot of interesting information from the sections that are separately devoted to the sails of the 20th and 21st centuries. The reader will discover the fascinating world of maritime history.
- Assembly Manual - Part Two of DeAgostini's Twelve Apostles Magazine Detailed illustrations will make the assembly process fun, and practical advice will help you avoid mistakes. The first issue contains advice for novice modelers and recommendations on the arrangement of the workplace, the choice of tools, fixtures and consumables.
- History of military fleets
- Maritime museum
- Assembly guide
- Recommendations for modelers
The ship "Twelve Apostles" is brilliantly depicted and glorified forever in the works of the Russian marine painter Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. His feat in the defense of Sevastopol in 1855 will never be forgotten. It was in this battle that he was sunk. After the war (this happened in 1861), the authorities tried to lift the ship. It didn't work - it had to be blown up.
Ship "Twelve Apostles" model
The construction of a battleship was carried out in St. Petersburg - at the Nikolaev shipyards. The vessel with "big fanfare" was launched in 1841. Six years before this significant event, the Russian Emperor Nicholas I personally approved the construction of 3 similar ships, the first of which to leave the stocks was the Twelve Apostles. The other two - "Paris" and "Grand Duke Constantine" - became part of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849 and 1852, respectively.
"Paris"
The construction of the heroic sailing ship took place with the direct participation of the legendary Russian admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev - the commander of the Black Sea Fleet and the great navigator who first discovered Antarctica. The great naval commander gave instructions to shipbuilders on all stages of the ship's construction. He personally supervised the selection of logging for the manufacture of the hull. The highest quality building materials were selected. Technologies are the most advanced. As a result, the life of the vessel has been significantly extended. From reliable documentary sources it is clear that even after 10 years the combat sailing ship was in excellent technical condition. According to the standards of that time, the service life of similar boats was no more than 8 years.
The ship was designed by Oliver Lang. This happened in 1833. Its essence was in the peculiarities of the construction of the keel, which was two-row:
- Top row, overlapping with horizontal locks.
- Bottom row connected by vertical spike locks.
The keel was made of the highest quality oak trees. Under it was a false keel, specially weakened in contact with the main keel, which made it possible to protect the ship in case of a strong impact. The ship was also equipped with the most modern hold securing system. For the first time, an elliptical stern was used on a sailboat.
The Twelve Apostles was a three-masted sailing vessel with a displacement of 4,790 tons. The ship's crew consisted of 1000 people. These included 12 officers and 65 non-commissioned officers. The speed corresponded to the combat missions of the sea vessel - 12 knots (in terms of the metric system - 22.2 km. Hour). The total sail area was about 4.0 thousand square meters. The length of the ship along the deck, where the combat artillery is located, is 64.4 m. The width is 18.1 m. It was calculated according to the cross-section of the ship's hull - the mid-frame.
In the middle of the 19th century, the term "120 gun ship" existed. They were called ships of the line of the 1st rank. The Twelve Apostles was equipped with 130 weapons of war. Moreover, 28 of them were new for that time bombing cannons (initially there were 32 units on the ship) - 68-pounds. They were installed on the lower deck dedicated to the guns. It also housed 4 long-barreled guns. The guns on a combat sailing ship could fire not only bombs, but also cannonballs. In addition, the ship also had 92 smoothbore cannons - carronades. A similar model of the weapon was borrowed from the British, who invented it at the end of the 18th century. They were located.