On the territory of Turkey in Cappadocia, there are about 50 underground cities, and the city of Derinkuyu (translated from Turkish - "Deep Well") is one of them. Some of them have already been fully investigated, some have begun to be investigated, the next are waiting in line. Derinkuyu is the most famous and most explored of this group of underground cities of antiquity.
Reaching a depth of about 55 m (8 tiers), in ancient times the city could shelter up to 20 thousand people, along with food and livestock. The area of the city is not precisely determined - from 2.5 km² to 4 km². Scientists believe that only 10-15% of the entire territory of the city has now been explored. It is assumed that the city may have 20 floors, only 8 of them were explored.
The underground city of Derinkuyu was carved into soft tuff, a volcanic rock typical of Cappadocia. There are still disputes over its origin: according to the Turkish Ministry of Culture, the city was founded in the 8th-7th centuries BC. NS. by the Phrygian tribes who moved here. According to another version, Derinkuyu was built even earlier, in 1900-1200 BC, when these lands were inhabited by the Hittites. Before the arrival of the Hittites, the Hatti lived in this territory - the people who inhabited the Hatti country in the central and southeastern part of Anatolia (present-day Turkey) in the period 2500-2000 / 1700 BC. in the early and middle Bronze Age. The name of the country and people was later inherited by the Hittites who conquered them, who belonged to a different language family. Before the capture and assimilation of the indigenous tribes by the Hittites, the Hatti kingdom existed for a thousand years, so most likely the underground cities were built by the Hatti who previously inhabited these places.
The entrance to the underground is located in a one-storey house in the village of Derinkuyu, located on a plateau with a height of 1355 m above sea level. All halls and tunnels are sufficiently well lit and ventilated. The inside temperature ranges from 13 to 15 ° C. For communication between floors, there are small holes in the floor in many places.
The Derinkuyu dungeon is a complex ramified system of rooms, halls, tunnels and wells that diverge downward (covered with bars), upward and sideways. The first level contained stables, a grape press and a massive vault. The living quarters, the kitchen and the church were located deeper. On the second tier, there is a room unique for underground cities, a distinctive feature of Derinkuyu - a large hall with a vaulted ceiling. Arms depots were located on the third and fourth tiers. The stairs between them lead to a cruciform church with dimensions of 20 × 9 m. Further down there is a narrow tunnel (ceiling height 160-170 cm), on the sides of which there are empty chambers. As you go down, the ceilings become lower and lower, and the passages become narrower. On the lower eighth floor there is a spacious hall, possibly intended for meetings.
Vertical ventilation shafts (52 in total) at the bottom reach the groundwater and previously served simultaneously as wells. The city is famous for a very complex ventilation and water supply system, which is amazing for such an early historical period... Until 1962, the population of the Derinkuyu settlement satisfied the need for water from these wells. To avoid water poisoning during the invasion of enemies, the outlets of some wells were carefully closed and masked. In addition, there were special ventilation shafts, skillfully hidden in the rocks. Often secret passages were disguised as wells, of which about 600 have been discovered so far.
The city was built in such a way that it was impossible to capture it. All precautions were provided: in case of danger, the city was closed from the inside with the help of large stone doors, they could block access to individual rooms or even entire floors. Each door is a large stone disc 1-1.5 m high, 30-35 cm thick and weighing 200-500 kg.
The doors were opened with the help of the holes inside them, and only from the inside and with the efforts of at least two people. These holes could also act as door peepholes. Probably, the city was built in this way precisely in the expectation that only its inhabitants were well oriented in its structure, and the enemies, on the contrary, were instantly lost.
There is no consensus on whether people lived underground permanently or periodically. According to one version, the inhabitants of Derinkuyu came to the surface only to cultivate fields, according to another, they lived in a land-based village and hid underground only during raids. In the latter case, they quickly eliminated the signs of life on the surface and went underground to hide there for several weeks.
There are references to the underground structures of Cappadocia in historical chronicles. The oldest known written source about underground cities dates back to the end of the 4th century BC - this is the "Anabasis" of the ancient Greek writer and historian Xenophon (c. 427 - c. 355 BC). This book tells about the location of the Hellenes for the night in underground cities.
In particular, it says: “In populated areas, houses are built underground. The entrance to the houses was as narrow as the throat of a well. However, the interior was quite spacious. The animals were also kept in carved underground shelters; special roads were built for them. The houses are invisible if you do not know the entrance, but people entered these shelters by stairs. Sheep, kids, lambs, cows, birds were kept inside. Local residents made beer from barley in earthen vessels, and residents made wine in wells ”.
Los Angeles-based archeologist Raul Saldivar who lives and works in Nevsehir states: “Both Christians and Phrygians have already found these premises empty. In 2008, radiocarbon analysis was carried out. He showed that megalopolises were cut out in the rocks about 5 thousand years ago. Individual cells were used as banks, where tons of gold were stored. Excavations have brought up hundreds of bones of domestic animals, but not a single skeleton of a local resident. "
These statements of ancient Greek authors and modern scientists confirm the previously stated assumption that the underground cities of Cappadocia existed in the 1st millennium BC. NS. (VI-IV centuries BC). Taking into account the finds of obsidian tools, Hittite writings, objects of the Hittite and Pre-Hittite eras and the results of radiocarbon analysis, the time of their construction can be attributed to both the II-III and (according to the results of the study of the Neolithic of Central Turkey) to the VII-VIII millennia BC. e., and even to earlier, Paleolithic, times.
§ 1 Features of pronouncing dates in English.
Each language has its own peculiarities of pronouncing dates. In English, they are as follows:
Years are usually pronounced in two cardinal numbers:
One thousand six hundred thirty-second
1632 (16-32) - sixteen thirty-two
One thousand six hundred twenty sixth year
1626 (16-26) - sixteen twenty-six
One thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
1975 (19-75) - nineteen seventy-five
Please note that the word year after the date is not used in English.
If the numeral denoting the year ends in two zeros, then it reads like this:
1500 (15-00) - fifteen hundred - one thousand five hundredth year
1800 (18-00) - eighteen hundred - one thousand eight hundredth year
1900 (19-00) - nineteen hundred - one thousand nine hundredth year
2000 (20-00) - twenty hundred - two thousandth year
If one or more zeros are in the middle of a number, then it reads like this:
2004 - twenty oh four - two thousand and four
2014 - twenty fourteen - two thousand fourteen
§ 2 Modern version of reading dates.
There is another modern version of the reading of dates, starting from the year 2000 and following:
two thousandth year 2000 - two thousand
two thousand and five year 2005 - two thousand and five
Any day of the month is an ordinal with the definite article, which comes before or after the name of the month (with the preposition of):
the sixteenth of April, nineteen sixty-five - the sixteenth of April one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five (16th April, 1965).
§ 3 Rules for reading phone numbers, aircraft flights, hotel rooms.
Phone numbers, aircraft flights are read strictly by numbers.
Zero reads like oh. If there are two identical numbers next to it, then one is read and the word double is used before it.
For example, phone number 235507
reads two-three-double-five-oh-seven.
The plane's flight reads like this:
Flight 658 flight - six-five-eight flight.
Hotel room numbers read like this:
235 - two- thirty five. The first number stands for floor and is therefore read separately.
§ 4 Simple account in English.
A simple account in English is done like this:
1. Addition: 3 + 7 = 10
three plus seven is ten.
2. Subtraction: 20 - 8 = 12
twenty minus eight is twelve
3. Multiplication: 5 * 7 = 35
five multiplied by seven is thirty-five
4. Division: 42: 6 = 7
forty-two divided by six is seven
- English. Enjoy English. English with pleasure. Grade 5. Textbook. FSES, 2014 Biboletova M.Z and others.
- English. Enjoy English. English with pleasure. Grade 5. Workbook No. 1. FSES, 2014 Biboletova M.Z and others.
- CD-ROM. English. Enjoy English. English with pleasure. Grade 5. Educational computer program for the textbook "Enjoy English" for the 5th grade (version 2.0). FSES, 2013 Biboletova M.Z. and etc.
- New round-up... A textbook on grammar. Part 4. Publisher: Pearson Longman Authors: Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley.
- Grammar of English language... 7th edition. Publisher: Karo.
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Books
- Town and village in Russian history. A brief outline of the economic history of Russia, N.A. Rozhkov. Among researchers national history NA Rozhkov (1868-1927) has a prominent place. He was not only a famous historian, but also an active political figure, sociologist, ...
Derbent is a beautiful old town in Dagestan, 130 km from Makhachkala, on the Caspian coast. So old that it is considered one of the oldest living cities in the world. Its history is so rich that volumes can be written about it: for many centuries the city with its powerful wall served as the protection of the whole of Western Asia from the barbarians, standing between the impenetrable mountains and the sea. The old town of Derbent is recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage site of mankind. At the same time, Forbes magazine included Derbent in the top eight most undervalued seaside resorts in Russia. And, probably, it is true: there are practically no tourists in the city.
One of the main sights of the city is the complex of the old fortress, which successfully served Derbent (albeit to its various owners) for a millennium in a row. The citadel includes several sites, each of which is separately described by UNESCO.
How to get to Derbent
By train or by regular minibus from the Makhachkala bus station (the bus runs every half hour) or from Kaspiysk. The Moscow - Baku train stops in Derbent (travel time - about 32 hours).
Search for flights to Makhachkala (the nearest airport to Derbent)
A bit of history
The first settlements on the site of present-day Derbent appeared about 6 thousand years ago. The first written mention of the city, made by the ancient Greeks, dates back to the 6th century. BC NS. In its present form, the city is more closely associated with the Persians: in the middle of the 5th century. they founded their fortress here, fencing off the passage from the sea to the Caucasus Mountains with fortress walls. In the 7th century. the Arabs invaded the city, building the Juma Mosque here and turning it into one of the main Caucasian centers of their influence. During this period, Derbent was actively growing and developing as a craft, agricultural, commercial and port city, in the harbor of which one could see Russian, Khazar, Indian ships.
Then, in the 11th century. Derbent was conquered by the Seljuk Turks, but not for long: in the first half of the 13th century. the Tatar-Mongol horde came here, and under its yoke the city lost its former strength and prosperity. In the second half of the 17th century. the gallant Cossack Stenka Razin at the very beginning of his Volga-Caspian campaign stormed Derbent and took it. But already in the 18th century. the city became difficult to hold under the pressure of the Persians and Turks, and Peter the Great sent a flotilla here, as a result of which, according to a peace treaty with the Persians, Russia officially took over Derbent. But not forever: after 13 years, the city was transferred to Iran. Only in 1813 did Derbent finally become Russian.
Popular hotels in Derbent
Weather in Derbent
Entertainment and sights of Derbent
Derbent is primarily the Old Town. And in this case, the word "old" does not simply mean the earliest urban development. Many of the monuments of Old Derbent are already one and a half millennia (or even more). One of the main attractions of the city is the complex of the old fortress, which successfully served Derbent (albeit to its various owners) for a millennium in a row. The citadel includes several sites, each of which is separately described by UNESCO.
First of all, the citadel includes the Naryn-Kala stronghold with two walls - the very ones that blocked the way from the sea. The fortress on the mountain is pretty well preserved, and the walls as such, even today, can give an idea of its power. Here, on an area of almost 5 hectares, today you can see thermal baths, siege storage facilities for water and a 5th century church, which was then transformed into a mosque. The history of the discovery of the church is interesting: as a result of excavations in the north-western territory of the fortress, an underground structure was found, carved into the rock, which for a long time was considered a reservoir. Only according to the results of the study it became clear that this is a cross-domed church.
And the Derbent Wall, in principle, is considered the only structure built before the Persians, which has survived to this day. It is a double wall with a length of more than 3.5 km, consisting of parallel southern and northern parts. The part of it that went up the mountain was significantly destroyed, but the one that went down into the Caspian Sea was preserved. The distance between the walls is up to 400 m, and this very territory is the place where Old Derbent is located.
The southern part of the wall was badly destroyed, but the northern part was well preserved. It is made of large hewn stone blocks, the height of the wall is more than 10 m, the minimum thickness is more than 2 m. On the wall, naturally, there were turrets "on duty": initially there were 73 of them, more than half have survived. Also today you can see 9 of the 14 gates of the wall, very interesting from an architectural point of view. The most beautiful are the southern Orta-kala, which means "Middle Gate".
It is because of the wall that Derbent got its name, which in translation means "narrow" or "locked" gates. " Merchants paid a fee for the right to transit the city.
Another attraction of Derbent and the most important shrine for Russian Muslims is the Juma Mosque. This is the oldest mosque in the country and in all the former Soviet republics. The main mosque was built in the first half of the 8th century. and then became the tallest building in the city. In the 14th century. it suffered from an earthquake and was restored, and in the 19th century. the complex was expanded by adding a madrasah and living quarters to the mosque. In fact, today the ancient mosque does not seem too high: its dome reaches a height of only 17 m.But in the courtyard, in each of the four corners, it grows on a centuries-old plane tree, and these trees, rising above the walls, make the mosque clearly visible from everywhere in the Old city.
Another significant religious building in Derbent is the old Armenian church of St. All-Savior. It is a rather rough, austere structure with pointed domes topped with crosses. It was built in the second half of the 19th century. and was badly destroyed already during Civil War... The restoration was carried out only in the 70s and 80s. of the last century, and since then the premises of the church have been reserved for a branch of the city museum: an exhibition of carpets is located here.
Water reservoirs and old fountains have been preserved on the territory of the Old Town. Water comes here from mountain springs, and fountains still serve as a source from where the townspeople take water. And in the center of the fortress you can see the old khan's baths of the 17th century: according to legend, those who spied on the bathing of persons of the opposite sex were gouged out. The ancient city cemeteries are also curious, where monuments and sarcophagi have been preserved, the oldest of which date back to the 5th century.
In 2006 Derbent received the UNESCO prize as the most tolerant city in the world. The national composition of the city is really rich, although Lezgins and Azerbaijanis make up a third of the population.
In the Art Museum of the city, you can see the world's largest collection of objects of Dagestan decorative and applied art. These are silver gizmos of exquisite workmanship, and weapons, and carpets, and stone and wood carvings. In addition, there are paintings by Russian and Western European artists, as well as a good collection of paintings by Dagestani authors from the 1920s. last century and before Soviet times.
As for Derbent as a seaside resort, yes, there is a beach here. But the lion's share of its territory is leased to private owners. And what is not given is usually littered to the point of impossibility, and this negates all the delights of a truly transparent and beautiful warm sea water.
3 things to do in Derbent:
- Wander around the Old Fortress all day.
- Taste the famous Derbent cognac, which is still made from local grapes.
- Have a snack with sturgeon in one of the city restaurants.
Derbent outskirts
Approximately 30 km from the city, if you move along the coast of the Caspian Sea to the south, there is the only liana forest in Russia and almost the only one in Europe. The Samur forest is located in the delta of the river of the same name, and here, in a subtropical relict forest, in a national park, you can spend even more than one day wonderfully. There are many sources of clean water, many tree species grow, birds nest, fish spawn, and, of course, all this is entwined with those very evergreen vines.
50 km from Derbent (in a straight line it is much closer, but there is no direct road there) there is a waterfall in the village of Khuchni. It is a beautiful 30-meter narrow water slope with a swimming pool and a camping lawn. Near the waterfall there is a fortress of seven brothers and sisters (Yagdyg fortress). This is the last fortress of a series of mountain fortifications stretching 40 km from Derbent, and its foundation, as it is believed, may date back to the 6-7 centuries. The fortress received its name in accordance with a popular ancient legend: seven brothers successfully defended the fortress from the invasion from Iran, but their beautiful sister betrayed her for the love of the Iranian khan, and the fortress fell.
The city of Derbent is located on the territory of a state (country) Russia, which in turn is located on the continent Europe.Which federal district does the city of Derbent belong to?
Derbent is part of the federal district: North Caucasian.The Federal District is an enlarged territory consisting of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In which region is the city of Derbent located?
The city of Derbent is part of the Republic of Dagestan region.The characteristic of a region or subject of a country is the possession of the integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements, including cities and other settlements that make up the region.
Region The Republic of Dagestan is an administrative unit of the state of Russia.