Plan
Introduction
1 Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
2 Declaration of war
3 Goals of the Swedes in the war
4 Course of the war
5 Negotiations and peace
6 Sources
Bibliography
Russo-Swedish War (1741-1743)
Introduction
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743 (Swedish hattarnas ryska krig) is a revanchist war that Sweden started in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Great Northern War.
1. Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In Sweden at the Riksdag 1738-1739. the party of "hats" came to power, heading for the preparation of war with Russia. She was actively supported by France, which, in anticipation of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the subsequent struggle for the division of the Austrian inheritance, tried to tie Russia to war in the North. Sweden and France, through their ambassadors in St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken and the Marquis de la Chétardie, tried to pave the way for the successful completion of the planned war by establishing relations with Tsarina Elizabeth. The Swedes tried to obtain written confirmation from her that she would cede to Sweden the provinces conquered by her father if they helped her ascend the throne. However, despite all efforts, Nolken was never able to receive such a document from Elizabeth.
In addition, Sweden, in preparation for the war, concluded a treaty of friendship with France in October 1738, according to which the parties pledged not to enter into alliances and not to renew them without mutual consent. Sweden was supposed to receive subsidies from France in the amount of 300,000 riksdaler a year for three years.
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
2. Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
3. The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward, as a condition of peace, the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
4. The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Lewenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located not far from Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt (1691-1743)
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
Pyotr Petrovich Lassi (1678-1751)
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Lewenhaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. It provoked palace coup, as a result of which Tsesarevna Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
Theater of military operations in 1741-1743.
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Levengaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off her further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a capitulation with the Russians, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
The Baltic Fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral ZD Mishukov in 1742 evaded active operations in every possible way, for which Mishukov was removed from command, and an investigation was launched over his activities.
1743
Military operations in 1743 were reduced mainly to operations at sea. Rowing fleet (34 galleys, 70 konchebass) under the command of N.F. Golovin left Kronstadt with a landing force on May 8. Later he was joined by several more galleys with troops on board. In the Suttonga area, the ships noticed on the horizon the Swedish rowing fleet, reinforced sailing ships. However, the Swedes weighed anchor and left. On June 14, the enemy fleet again appeared near Degerby Island, east of the Aland Islands, but again chose not to get involved in the battle and retreated.
By the end of the war, the Swedish fleet sailed between the islands of Dago and Gotland. On June 17, the Swedish admiral E. Taube received news of the signing of a preliminary peace agreement and took the fleet to Elvsnabben. On June 18, the news of peace reached the Russian fleet, which was off the Aland Islands.
5. Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreuz and E. M. von Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Luberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. In it, the Swedish Riksdag was recommended to elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as the heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Baltic states.
On June 23, 1743, the Riksdag elected Adolf Friedrich as heir to the throne. At the same time, peace was declared with Russia. The Russian Empress signed a peace treaty on 19 August.
6. Sources
Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times, vol. 21
Military encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 1911-1915.
Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922.
LiteratureShpilevskaya N.S. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859. References:
V. V. Pokhlebkin. Foreign policy Rus', Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. M .: "International Relations", 1995., p. 238
Eighteenth Century Death Tolls
Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922. - S. 182. According to other estimates, Swedish losses amounted to 50,000 people ( Shpilevskaya N. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859 - S. 267).
Main article: Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743
IN 1740 The Prussian king Frederick II decided to take advantage of the death of the Austrian emperor Charles VI to seize Silesia. started War of the Austrian Succession. Hostile to Austria, Prussia and France tried to persuade Russia to take part in the conflict on their side, but they were also satisfied with non-intervention in the war. Therefore, French diplomacy tried to push Sweden and Russia in order to divert the attention of the latter from European affairs. Sweden declared war on Russia.
Russian troops under the command of General Lassi defeated the Swedes in Finland and occupied its territory. Abo peace treatise(Abo world) 1743 ended the war. The treaty was signed August 71743 in the city of Abo (now Turku,Finland) from Russia A.I. Rumyantsev And I. Luberas, from Sweden G. Cedercreis And E. M. Nolken. During the negotiations, Russia agreed to limit its territorial claims, subject to the election of the Holstein prince as heir to the Swedish throne. Adolf Fredrik, cousin uncle of the Russian heir Peter III Fedorovich. June 231743 Mr. Adolf was elected heir to the Swedish throne, which opened the way to a final agreement.
Article 21 of the peace treaty established eternal peace between countries and obligated them not to enter into hostile alliances. Confirmed Treaty of Nystadt1721. The Kymenegorsk province with the cities of Friedrichsgam and Wilmanstrand, part of the Savolak province with the city of Neishlot, departed to Russia. The border runs along the river. Kymmene.
Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
In 1756-1763 there was an Anglo-French war for the colonies. Two coalitions participated in the war: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden and Saxony with the participation of Russia.
IN 1756Friedrich II attacked Saxony without declaring war. In the summer of that year, he forced her to capitulate. September 11756 Russia declared war on Prussia. IN 1757 Frederick defeated the Austrian and French troops and sent the main forces against Russia. In the summer of 1757, the Russian army under the command Apraksina entered East Prussia. August 19 The Russian army was surrounded at the village. Gross-Jägersdorf and only with the support of the reserve brigade P. A. Rumyantseva escaped from the environment. The enemy lost 8 thousand people. and stepped back. Apraksin did not organize the persecution, and he himself retreated to Courland. Elizabeth, who was at that time near death, after recovering, removed him and put him under investigation. Together with him, Chancellor Bestuzhev, hardened in foreign policy intrigues, fell into disgrace.
The new commander was appointed V. V. Fermor. At first 1758 Russian troops captured Königsberg, then - all of East Prussia, whose population even swore allegiance to the empress. In August 1758 at the village of Zorndorf there was a bloody battle, which did not bring victory to either side. Fermor was then forced to surrender command.
led the army P. S. Saltykov. August 1, 1759 60,000 Russian army near the village of Kunersdorf against 48,000 Prussian army gave a pitched battle. The army of Frederick II was destroyed: only 3 thousand soldiers remained. Saltykov for the slow advance of troops to Berlin is suspended and appointed A. B. Buturlina.
September 281760 there was a capture of Berlin; they were briefly captured by the corps of the general Totleben who took over military depots. However, as Frederick approached, the corps retreated.
December 1761 Elizabeth died from throat bleeding due to a chronic disease unidentified by medicine at that time.
Ascended to the throne Peter III. The new emperor returned to Frederick all the conquered lands and made an alliance with him. The Prussian king took the death of Elizabeth as Miracle of the Brandenburg House. Only new palace coup and accession to the throne Catherine II prevented Russia's military actions against former allies - Austria and Sweden.
Plan
Introduction
1 Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
2 Declaration of war
3 Goals of the Swedes in the war
4 Course of the war
5 Negotiations and peace
6 Sources
Bibliography
Russo-Swedish war (1741-1743)
Introduction
Russo-Swedish War 1741-1743 (Swedish hattarnas ryska krig) is a revanchist war that Sweden started in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Great Northern War.
1. Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In Sweden at the Riksdag 1738-1739. the party of "hats" came to power, heading for the preparation of war with Russia. She was actively supported by France, which, in anticipation of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the subsequent struggle for the division of the Austrian inheritance, tried to tie Russia to war in the North. Sweden and France, through their ambassadors in St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken and the Marquis de la Chétardie, tried to pave the way for the successful completion of the planned war by establishing relations with Tsarina Elizabeth. The Swedes tried to obtain written confirmation from her that she would cede to Sweden the provinces conquered by her father if they helped her ascend the throne. However, despite all efforts, Nolken was never able to receive such a document from Elizabeth.
In addition, Sweden, in preparation for the war, concluded a treaty of friendship with France in October 1738, according to which the parties pledged not to enter into alliances and not to renew them without mutual consent. Sweden was supposed to receive subsidies from France in the amount of 300,000 riksdaler a year for three years.
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
2. Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
3. The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward, as a condition of peace, the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
4. The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Lewenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located not far from Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt (1691-1743)
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
Pyotr Petrovich Lassi (1678-1751)
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Lewenhaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, as a result of which the princess Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
Theater of military operations in 1741-1743.
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Levengaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off her further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a capitulation with the Russians, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
The Baltic Fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral ZD Mishukov in 1742 evaded active operations in every possible way, for which Mishukov was removed from command, and an investigation was launched over his activities.
1743
Military operations in 1743 were reduced mainly to operations at sea. Rowing fleet (34 galleys, 70 konchebass) under the command of N.F. Golovin left Kronstadt with a landing force on May 8. Later he was joined by several more galleys with troops on board. In the Suttonga area, the ships noticed the Swedish rowing fleet on the horizon, reinforced by sailing ships. However, the Swedes weighed anchor and left. On June 14, the enemy fleet again appeared near Degerby Island, east of the Aland Islands, but again chose not to get involved in the battle and retreated.
By the end of the war, the Swedish fleet sailed between the islands of Dago and Gotland. On June 17, the Swedish admiral E. Taube received news of the signing of a preliminary peace agreement and took the fleet to Elvsnabben. On June 18, the news of peace reached the Russian fleet, which was off the Aland Islands.
5. Negotiations and peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreuz and E. M. von Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Luberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. In it, the Swedish Riksdag was recommended to elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as the heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Baltic states.
On June 23, 1743, the Riksdag elected Adolf Friedrich as heir to the throne. At the same time, peace was declared with Russia. The Russian Empress signed a peace treaty on 19 August.
6. Sources
· Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times, vol. 21
· Military Encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 1911-1915.
· Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922.
LiteratureShpilevskaya N.S. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859. References:
1. V. V. Pokhlebkin. Foreign policy of Rus', Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. M .: "International Relations", 1995., p. 238
2 Eighteenth Century Death Tolls
3. Stavenow L. Sveriges historia till våra dagar: Frihetstiden, D. 9. - Stockholm, 1922. - S. 182. According to other estimates, Swedish losses amounted to 50,000 people ( Shpilevskaya N. Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743. - St. Petersburg, 1859 - S. 267).
War , which Sweden began in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Great Northern War.
Foreign policy situation on the eve of the war
In Sweden at the Riksdag 1738-1739. the party of "hats" came to power, heading for the preparation of war with Russia . She was actively supported by France, which, in anticipation of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the subsequent struggle for the division of the Austrian inheritance, tried to tie Russia to war in the North. Sweden and France, through their ambassadors in St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken and the Marquis de la Chétardie, tried to pave the way for the successful completion of the planned war by establishing relations with Tsarina Elizabeth. The Swedes tried to obtain written confirmation from her that she would cede to Sweden the provinces conquered by her father if they helped her ascend the throne. However, despite all efforts, Nolken was never able to receive such a document from Elizabeth.
In addition, Sweden, in preparation for the war, concluded a treaty of friendship with France in October 1738, according to which the parties pledged not to enter into alliances and not to renew them without mutual consent. Sweden was supposed to receive subsidies from France in the amount of 300,000 riksdaler a year for three years.
In December 1739, a Swedish-Turkish alliance was also concluded, but Turkey promised to provide assistance only in the event of an attack on Sweden by a third power.
Declaration of war
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
The goals of the Swedes in the war
According to the instructions drawn up for future peace negotiations, the Swedes intended to put forward, as a condition of peace, the return of all the lands that had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad, as well as the transfer of the territory between Ladoga and the White Sea to Sweden. If third powers came out against Sweden, then she was ready to be satisfied with Karelia and Ingermanland together with St. Petersburg.
The course of the war
1741
Count Karl Emil Lewenhaupt was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, who arrived in Finland and took command only on September 3, 1741. At that moment, there were about 18 thousand regular troops in Finland. Near the border there were two corps numbering 3 and 5 thousand people. The first of them, commanded by K. Kh. Wrangel, was located not far from Wilmanstrand, the other, under the command of Lieutenant General H. M. von Buddenbrook, was six miles from this city, the garrison of which did not exceed 1,100 people.
On the Russian side, Field Marshal Pyotr Petrovich Lassi was appointed commander in chief. Learning that the Swedish forces were small and divided, he moved towards Vilmanstrand. Having approached it, the Russians on August 22 stopped in the village of Armil, and in the evening Wrangel's corps approached the city. The number of Swedes, including the Wilmanstrand garrison, according to various sources, ranged from 3500 to 5200 people. The number of Russian troops reached 9900 people.
On August 23, Lassi moved against the enemy, who occupied an advantageous position under the cover of city guns. The Russians attacked the Swedish positions, but due to the stubborn resistance of the Swedes, they were forced to retreat. Then Lassi threw the cavalry into the flank of the enemy, after which the Swedes were knocked down from the hills and lost their guns. After a three-hour battle, the Swedes were defeated.
After the drummer, sent to demand the surrender of the city, was shot dead, the Russians stormed Wilmanstrand. 1250 Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner, including Wrangel himself. The Russians lost Major General Ukskul, three headquarters and eleven chief officers and about 500 privates killed. The city was burned, its inhabitants were taken to Russia. Russian troops again retreated to Russian territory.
In September-October, the Swedes concentrated an army of 22,800 people near Kvarnby, of which only 15-16 thousand soon remained in service due to illness. The Russians, who were stationed near Vyborg, had about the same number of people. In late autumn, both armies moved into winter quarters. However, in November, Lewenhaupt, with 6,000 infantry and 450 dragoons, headed towards Vyborg, stopping at Sekkijervi. At the same time, several smaller corps attacked Russian Karelia from Wilmanstrand and Neishlot.
Having learned about the movement of the Swedes, the Russian government on November 24 gave the order to the guards regiments to prepare for a speech in Finland. This provoked a palace coup, as a result of which the princess Elizabeth came to power. She ordered a halt to hostilities and concluded a truce with Lewenhaupt.
1742
In February 1742, the Russian side broke the truce, and in March hostilities resumed. Elizaveta Petrovna published a manifesto in Finland, in which she urged its inhabitants not to take part in an unjust war and promised her help if they wanted to secede from Sweden and form an independent state.
On June 13, Lassi crossed the border and at the end of the month approached Fredrikshamn (Friedrichsham). The Swedes hurriedly left this fortress, but first set fire to it. Levengaupt retreated beyond the Kyumen, heading towards Helsingfors. Morale fell sharply in his army, desertion grew. On July 30, Russian troops occupied Borgo without hindrance and began to pursue the Swedes in the direction of Helsingfors. On August 7, a detachment of Prince Meshchersky occupied Neishlot without resistance, and on August 26, the last fortified point of Finland, Tavastgus, surrendered.
In August, Lassi overtook the Swedish army at Helsingfors, cutting off her further retreat to Abo. At the same time, the Russian fleet locked the Swedes from the sea. Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrook, leaving the army, went to Stockholm, being summoned to give the Riksdag an account of their actions. The command of the army was entrusted to Major General J. L. Busquet, who on August 24 signed a capitulation with the Russians, according to which the Swedish army was to cross to Sweden, leaving all the artillery to the Russians. On August 26, the Russians entered Helsingfors. Soon, Russian troops completely occupied all of Finland and Österbotten.
1743
Military operations in 1743 were reduced mainly to operations at sea. The rowing fleet (34 galleys, 70 konchebass) left Kronstadt with a landing force on May 8. Later he was joined by several more galleys with troops on board. In the Suttonga area, the ships noticed the Swedish rowing fleet on the horizon, reinforced by sailing ships. However, the Swedes weighed anchor and left. On June 14, the enemy fleet again appeared near Degerby Island, east of the Aland Islands, but again chose not to get involved in the battle and retreated.
By the end of the war, the Swedish fleet sailed between the islands of Dago and Gotland. On June 17, the Swedish admiral E. Taube received news of the signing of a preliminary peace agreement and took the fleet to Elvsnabben. On June 18, the news of peace reached the Russian fleet, which was off the Aland Islands.
Negotiations and Peace
Back in the spring of 1742, the former Swedish ambassador to St. Petersburg, E. M. von Nolken, arrived in Russia to start peace negotiations, but the Russian government rejected the condition he put forward to mediate France in the negotiations, and Nolken returned to Sweden.
In January 1743, peace negotiations began between Sweden and Russia in Åbo, which took place in the context of ongoing hostilities. Representatives from the Swedish side were Baron H. Sederkreuz and E. M. Nolken, from the Russian side - General-in-Chief A. I. Rumyantsev and General I. L. Lyuberas. As a result of lengthy negotiations, on June 17, 1743, the so-called "Assurance Act" was signed. In it, the Swedish Riksdag was recommended to elect the Regent of Holstein, Adolf Friedrich, as the heir to the throne. Sweden ceded to Russia the Kymenigord fief with all the mouths of the Kymeni River, as well as the Neishlot fortress. Russia returned to the Swedes Österbotten, Björnborg, Abo, Tavast, Nyland fiefs, part of Karelia and Savolaks, occupied during the war. Sweden confirmed the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721 and recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Baltic states.
On June 23, 1743, the Riksdag elected Adolf Friedrich as heir to the throne. At the same time, peace was declared with Russia. The Russian Empress signed a peace treaty on 19 August.
In 1735-1739 another Russian-Turkish war took place. Under the terms of the Belgrade Peace Treaty of 1739, as a result of this war, Russia acquired Azov (subject to the demolition of fortifications), small territories on the Right-Bank Ukraine along the middle reaches of the Dnieper and the right to build a fortress on the Don island of Cherkas (and Turkey - at the mouth of the Kuban). Big and Small Kabarda were declared independent and were supposed to play the role of a barrier between the powers. Russia was forbidden to have a navy on the Azov and Black Seas, trade with Turkey could only be carried out using Turkish ships. Russian pilgrims were given guarantees of free visits to the holy places in Jerusalem. This agreement was valid for 35 years until 1774, when, after another Russian-Turkish war, under the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty, Russia again received the right to have its own fleet on the Black Sea and the right to pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles.
Meanwhile, by the end of the 1730s, revanchist sentiments began to intensify in Sweden - the nation was eager to revise the Nishtad Peace Treaty of 1721, which fixed Sweden's defeat in the Northern War.
Swedish revenge-seekers already in 1738 declared that they were "always ready to prefer a mighty war to a shameful peace." In addition, Sweden was convinced that the upcoming war would bring the Swedes an easy victory, since most political and military figures believed that "the Russian army should be completely exhausted by campaigns against the Turks and that all regiments consisted of only recruits." Enough to appear, they believed, a small Swedish detachment to put to flight poorly trained Russian army.
In July 1738, the Swedish major Sinclair was sent to Turkey to deliver duplicate dispatches to the Swedish ministers in Constantinople concerning the conclusion of the Swedish-Turkish military alliance, which was naturally directed against Russia.
Russian intelligence did a good job. The Russian ambassador in Stockholm, M. P. Bestuzhev, became aware of Sinclair's trip and suggested that the Russian government "anlevate" (liquidate) Sinclair, and then start a rumor that he was attacked by the Gaidamaks. By this measure, he hoped to prevent the conclusion of an alliance directed against Russia. The idea was supported by Field Marshal Munnich. He singled out a "special group" (3 officers - Kutler, Levitsky, Veselovsky + 4 guards non-commissioned officers) and gave them the following instructions:
“Before, from Sweden sent to the Turkish side with some important commission and with letters, Major Sinclair, who travels not with his own, but under the name of one called Gagberkh, who, for the sake of her highest and. in every possible way it is necessary to adopt in a secret way in Poland and with all the letters he has with him. If on questions about him where you find out, then immediately go to that place and look for an opportunity to set up a company with him or in any other way to see; and then observe whether it is impossible to comprehend whether it is on the way or in some other secret place, where the Poles were not present. If you find such a case, then kill the old man or drown him in water, and first take away the letters without a trace.
However, on the way to Istanbul, Sinclair could not be intercepted. But it turned out to be done on June 17, 1739, when Sinclair was returning to Sweden. Between the Polish towns of Neustadt and Grünberg, it was liquidated, and the dispatches were confiscated.
You can read documents related to this special operation.
But Sinclair's death could not be attributed to the robbers. Sinclair's killers, Kutler and Levitsky, were secretly sent to Siberia and kept near Tobolsk, in the village of Abalak, and Veselovsky was kept in Kazan. In 1743, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna ordered Kutler to be promoted to lieutenant colonel, Levitsky - to major, four sergeants with them - to warrant officers, and leave them for some time in Siberia. Then in the same year they were transferred to the Kazan garrison, so that they changed their names, Kutler would be called Turkel, and Levitsky - Likevich.
And in the Swedish capital after the murder of Sinclair, a scandal began. For the death of Sinclair, especially zealous Swedes promised to destroy the Russian ambassador Bestuzhev. As a result, Bestuzhev immediately gave the money for bribes to the Dutch ambassador for safekeeping, burned all the receipts and accounts of the bribe-takers, as well as secret papers, and took refuge in the embassy. The Swedish king strengthened the security of the embassy and prevented a pogrom.
After it became known about the Swedish-Turkish negotiations, Empress Anna Ioannovna banned the export of bread to Sweden from Russian ports. And the agreement between Sweden and Turkey was signed on January 20, 1740. But because of the protests of Russia and the threat of a Persian invasion, the Turks did not ratify it.
On July 28, 1741, the Russian ambassador in Stockholm was informed that Sweden was declaring war on Russia. The cause of the war in the manifesto was Russia's interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom, the ban on the export of bread to Sweden and the murder of the Swedish diplomatic courier M. Sinclair.
Thus began another Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743. This war may well be classified as "forgotten wars". If you start entering "Russian-Swedish war" in Yandex, then this war will not be among the proposed options in the drop-down tips.
The result of this war, which ended in defeat for Sweden, was the confirmation of the conditions of the Nishtad peace, as well as the fact that the southeastern part of Finland went to Russia.
This note was written specifically for the day navy Russia. Therefore, for those who are interested in the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743, I suggest reading the book by M.A. Muravyova