Primer - the beginning of beginnings. The primer is the first book of a first-grader. Almost every Soviet boy and girl began the difficult path of knowledge with this book. A primer is a book that was the first to give Soviet children education, love for the Motherland and loved ones. Maybe that's why, in order not to forget our first textbook, we, first-graders, were photographed with the primer on the desk or in our hands. Many probably have such photos. And many years later, I accidentally came across this book. Having looked through the ABC book, I shed a tear from the surging nostalgia. Seeing the illustrations in the textbook remembered from childhood, the associations with which they are associated come to mind. On this page, I read a poem about mittens to the whole class by syllables, and looking at the picture of cheerful children rolling down the slide, I wanted to finish classes as soon as possible and run to the ice-frozen pond to ride from a huge slide. You can also, after watching the ABC book, some memories of childhood and school years will come up.

In the Land of the Soviets, education was at a very high level and at the same time (now it's hard to believe it) free. Every Soviet schoolchild knew that by focusing only on their own knowledge, one could enter higher education. educational institution no bribe or hairy hand. Therefore, many children aspired to graduate from school with a "red" diploma. And where did the education of a student begin? Of course, from him - from " ABC book»!

Now almost all children are sent to school from the age of six. At the same time, teachers require that the child already be able to read fluently and own an account. Now the kids are simply forced to grow up early, and not because their childhood is devoid of balloons and toys, but because children's serene carelessness ends at exactly five years old, when “hopeless” studies begin in preparatory courses ... But this was not the case in the Union: and they asked less lessons and there was enough time for sports and yard games. I remember we went to first grade from the age of seven or eight, while not being able to read and count. And we were given less lessons than now. For example, my first grader after serving seven in school! lessons, brings home "mountains" of homework on writing, mathematics, natural history, English, work ...

So I grumble, probably because even honey in childhood seemed sweeter. Until now, I recall with joy my first call, the first teacher Lidia Ivanovna, as she, standing at the blackboard, held the Primer in her hands and solemnly said: “This is the most important book in your life, with it you will begin your journey to the world of knowledge ... ". Thinking this way, I was clearing the bookshelves for the new books of my first-grader and in the very corner I found, you will not believe, "Primer"! Hello old friend! I open the first page ... oh yes Lydia Ivanovna ... she borrowed her speech from there, only forgot to add that "thanks to the Primer, you will learn to write your first words" mother "," Motherland "and" Lenin "!" And somewhere else from the depths of memory comes the memory that there was such a tradition: all first-graders were seated at a desk with a Primer in their hands for a photo. Probably, every Soviet schoolchild had such a photo, which then proudly subscribed to back side“September 1, 1969. Vania". Do you remember the joke: “mom washed the frame, and the frame washed mom”? So, it turns out that the sentence “Mom washed the frame” was only in the “Primer” of 1959. And, returning to my son, a schoolboy, in his modern "Primer" Zhukova has the phrase "Vova washes the frame." Is it clear where the legs grow from?

In general, I wondered, but how many "Primers" were published in the Union, who was the author? Come on, old friend of my Red Banner childhood, tell me your secrets. Officially in the Land of Soviets, "Primer" was "born" in 1937, under the authorship of the honored teacher Nikolai Golovin. The people immediately "joked" about him: the children were taught by the whole country according to Golovin's "Primer". Then, this edition was revised and supplemented with new examples, prescriptions, pictures from folk tales about "Kolobok", "Chicken Ryaba", "Turnip" and so on. Moreover, only pictures were given in order to develop the child's oral speech (he had to, looking at the textbook, recite a given fairy tale by heart). I remember how we told the tale "About the goldfish" to the whole class, in a chain, each one one sentence at a time. The story came out a little funny and not always believable. Moreover, it was quite easy for children to navigate in the Primer: vowels were indicated by a red rectangle, consonants - green. There were also socially useful images: here is a girl watering flowers, and here she is taking her grandmother across the road. There was always a page with a portrait of Lenin and a description of how he takes care of children (how many did not look through the first textbooks, I never found a portrait of Stalin). There has always been a section "About the Motherland": a picture with a map of the Union and images of children in national costumes.

So, "Primer" was published in Moscow, in the publishing house "Prosveshchenie". The editorial board was very responsible for the illustrations of the book. The expert commission examined the drawings of the Primer in detail: they should not have been unnecessarily overloaded with details. They should be positively educational and vividly expressive in nature, because it was believed that the child's psyche is very vulnerable and has figurative, not logical thinking. Therefore, it is not surprising that experienced, even well-known artists were involved in the painting of the Primer, for example V. Yezhkova, V. Bogdanov, T. Nikulina. Primer was published in 1943, 1945, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1970, 1983, 1987. As a rule, each issue of the textbook was created by a team of authors. However, the most famous in this area were: N. Golovin ("Primer" 1937-44), Voskresenskaya A. ("Primer" 1952, 9th edition and "Primer" 1959, 16th edition), Arkhangelskaya N. (1967 and 1970 5th edition), Svadkovsky I. (1962 10th edition), Gorbushina A. (1983 23rd edition), Goretsky V. 1987 (7th edition). I just want to say "thank you" with love! for this first book in my life and for the photo of that curly-haired first-grader of 1970, who has so proudly smiled in an embrace with her Primer, which has turned yellow from time to time. And we all know where the Motherland begins!

Download "Primer"

Primer 1937. Author: Golovin N.M. Publisher: Uchpedgiz Year: 1937 Format: PDF Size: 171.6 Mb Number of pages: 72 « »

Primer 1946. Author: Redozubov S.P. Publisher: Uchpedgiz Year: 1946 Format: DjVu + program for viewing .djvu files Language: Russian (pre-reform) Number of pages: 98 Size: 2.72 MB

I was sorting through old books and came across my old school primer from 1984. I flipped through it quickly and, frankly, was stunned. This children's book, from which children need to learn to read happily and with pleasure, turned out to be so thickly saturated with communist propaganda that it’s even surprising how we, who were born in the USSR, managed to avoid the final and irrevocable zombie.

Trash starts from the first page. I quote: "Today you are starting your journey to a wonderful, extraordinary country - the Land of Knowledge. You will learn to read and write, for the first time you will write the words dearest and dearest to all of us: mother, Motherland, Lenin."

Further more. Lenin, the party, Great October, the USSR - the best country in the world, veterans, the Great Patriotic War, and - quite persistently encouraging the idea of ​​becoming an astronaut. One gets the feeling that the USSR was planning a large-scale space expansion.

So do not be surprised by the amount of cotton wool in the brains of compatriots. Rather, one should be surprised that even with such grandiose and systematic efforts of state propaganda, normal people remained.

Private owners of Prosveshchenie Publishing House JSC are removing from the Internet the old textbooks of the state publishing houses Prosveshchenie and Uchpedgiz from the middle of the last century.
Many of these books no longer exist in paper form. These textbooks are the results of the world's best education and work of millions of Soviet people in various spheres of activity. Entrepreneurs themselves have never seen these textbooks or lifted a finger to create them, did not spend a single penny of their private joint-stock company on them.
And even "capitalism" has nothing to do with it: it is impossible to derive any financial benefit from the destruction of old textbooks. There can be only one goal - weakening Russia.
Privatizers are depriving the citizens of our country of the most valuable pages of its cultural historical memory, and it already looks like the bonfires of the fascist inquisition. They deprive children of the opportunity for in-depth and extended studies, as well as the self-education of their elders, thereby undermining the country's economy and its defense capability.
Education is not a matter of individual gain. This is the raison d'être of the State.
Returned Sberbank - Return Key Textbook Publishers! Deputies, politicians, ministers, this is an appeal to you and to all concerned citizens.

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METHODS

Elementary School. Handbook of the teacher. Ed. M. A. Melnikov. - 1950 g.

First academic term at school. Danilov M.A. - 1955

Independent work of students in the classroom. Esipov B.P. - 1961

Instructions for the teacher on the use of writing in elementary school writing. Voskresenskaya, Zakozhurnikova, Tkachenko. - 1935

Calligraphy technique. Bogolyubov N.N. - 1955

Methodical guide to the primer. - 1956

How to organize the education of a six-year-old child in the family according to the "ABC". Yankovskaya, Krylova. - 1963

Extracurricular reading in grade 1 (guidelines). Svetlovskaya, Dzhezheley. - 1981

Extracurricular reading in grade 2 (guidelines). Svetlovskaya, Dzhezheley. - 1983

Methodology for grammar and spelling in primary school. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky and others - 1970

Russian language in the first grade. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1972

Russian language in the second grade. Zakozhurnikova, Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1970 g.

Methodical instructions for teaching Russian in grade II. Syroechkovskaya, Sheinina. - 1955

Russian language in the third grade. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1974

Questions of reading methodology in primary school. Goretsky, Omorokova (comp.). - 1964

The system of work on the development of the speech of students in the first grade. Kuzmina, Kemenova. - 1954

The development of the speech of primary school students in the lessons of the Russian language. Politova N.I. - 1984

Consolidation of knowledge and skills in the Russian language with the use of visualization. A guide for teachers. Dashko L.I. - 1961

Methodical instructions for teaching literature in the 8th grade. Korst, Smirnov. - 1954

Secondary programs comprehensive school... Mathematics. Shalamova G.A. (ed.) - 1991

Methodical guide to textbooks of arithmetic. Pchelko A.S. - 1934

Methods of teaching arithmetic. Chichigin V.G. - 1952

Methods of teaching mathematics. Bradis V.M. - 1954

Arithmetic technique for teachers. E. Berezanskaya - 1955

Algebra. A guide for teachers in grades 9-11. Gibsh I.A. - 1960

Methods of teaching algebra. K.S. Barybin - 1965

Geometry. Toolkit. Gangnus, Hurwitz. - 1934.35

Teaching mathematics. Piaget and others - 1960

Methods of teaching mathematics in primary grades. Bantova, Beltyukova. - 1984 g.

Methods of teaching mathematics in an eight-year school. - 1965

Methods of teaching physics in a seven-year school (4 volumes). Goryachkin E. N. - 1948-1955

Astronomy teaching methodology in high school... M.E. Nabokov - 1947

Astronomy teaching methodology in secondary school. E.P. Levitan - 1965

Methods of teaching natural science in elementary school. Gorbunov N.A. - 1947

Biology lessons, grades 6-7. Toolkit. Kuznetsova V.I. - 1991

Publications of the section Literature

Primer in the service of educational program

On October 10, 1918, a decree "On the introduction of a new spelling" was signed, which excluded the letters Ѣ, Ѳ, I from the alphabet, canceled the spelling of b at the end of words - and, in general, brought the Russian spelling to the form in which we know it today. "Kultura.RF" tells about the main post-revolutionary primers of different years.

"ABC" by Vladimir Konashevich, 1918

Vladimir Konashevich's ABC (cover). Petersburg, publishing house of R. Golike and A. Vilborg Partnership. 1918

The ABC of Vladimir Konashevich. Petersburg, publishing house of R. Golike and A. Vilborg Partnership. 1918

The illustrated "ABC" by the Soviet artist Vladimir Konashevich became one of the first textbooks of the new spelling (without the letter "yat"). The idea for the book was born during the artist's correspondence with his family, stuck in the Urals cut off by Kolchak's army from the Soviet Republic. “Dad wrote letters to mom, and he sent me pictures for each letter of the alphabet, - recalled the daughter of Konashevich Olga Chaiko. - I was already four years old, and obviously he thought it was time to already know the letters. "... Later, Konashevich, on the advice of friends, decided to publish these drawings - and in 1918 the "ABC" was published. It included 36 pictures painted with watercolors. Objects and phenomena in the "Azbuka" were very different, from animals and plants to vehicles and toys. They were portrayed simply, without perspective distortions, since Vladimir Konashevich believed that "a child should understand the picture at first sight."

Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet (cover). Moscow, 1919

Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet. Moscow, 1919

“The intellectual does not like risk. / And moderately red, like a radish "- and so on from "A" to "Z". This topical alphabet was published for the first time in 1919, and Vladimir Mayakovsky was the author not only of its epigrams, but also of cartoon illustrations for each of the letters of the alphabet.

The main audience of this primer was the Red Army, whom Mayakovsky wanted to teach to the poetic language with the help of such a satirical publication. "There were such jokes that were not very suitable for the salon, but which went very well for the trenches."- he recalled. Mayakovsky personally painted about five thousand copies of the alphabet, printed in the empty Stroganov printing house, when the Central Printing Office refused the poet to publish the book. Later, Mayakovsky transferred many couplets from Sovetskaya Azbuka to the cult Windows ROSTA.

Down with Illiteracy, 1920

Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (ABC for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular subdivision of MONO, 1920

Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (ABC for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular subdivision of MONO, 1920

Under this name, in 1919-1920, the first editions of the Soviet primer for adults, developed by Dora Elkina and a team of co-authors, were published. These manuals taught the basics of reading and writing based on political slogans: for example, students had to read the phrases “Councils of the alarm of the people”, “We bring freedom to the world” and the famous palindrome “We are not slaves, slaves are not us”. The illustrations of the first Soviet alphabet were bright propaganda posters, scenes from the life of the proletariat.

A few years later, the society "Down with Illiteracy" was created, the goal of which was to eliminate mass illiteracy. Its work was supervised by prominent statesmen: Mikhail Kalinin, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Anatoly Lunacharsky. Under the leadership of the society, not only textbooks were published, but also cultural and educational magazines, such as "Kultpokhod" and "Let's Increase Literacy". According to historians, over the 13 years of its existence, the Down with Illiteracy Society has trained about 5 million Soviet citizens.

Primer "Pioneer", 1925

Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book (cover and title page). Leningrad, GIZ, 1925

Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book. Leningrad, GIZ, 1925

The purpose of this manual was to teach schoolchildren not only the basics of literacy, but also the structure of the world around them and Soviet life. "Pioneer" told young readers about life in cities and villages, about various proletarian professions, about domestic and wild animals, about measuring length, weight and time using illustrations in an engraving style. Of course, the ideological component was also strong in the book. One of the main images of the primer was the October Revolution and Vladimir Lenin: many of the primer's poems were dedicated to them.

And the very childhood in the young Soviet country "Pioneer" inextricably linked with the concept of "our": the general depicted gardens, schools, camps and even the revolution.

"Primer" by Nikolai Golovin, 1937

Nikolay Golovin. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937

Nikolay Golovin. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937

"The whole country taught children / According to Golovin's ABC", - they said in the Soviet Union, and not without exaggeration. Perhaps there was no school in the late 1930s - early 1940s, where this textbook, compiled by the honored teacher of the RSFSR Nikolai Golovin, was not read. The material in the book ranged from simple to complex: from reading by syllables to writing, from short stories about ordinary children's activities to poems dedicated to Lenin and Stalin, with clear political overtones.

A distinctive feature of the Primer was its illustrations, to which the editorial board made special demands. The images were bright, positive and simple, not overloaded with details, and also had an extremely clear didactic and educational tone, demonstrating patterns of correct behavior to the readers.

"Primer" by Alexandra Voskresenskaya, 1944

Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

The Primer, authored by the methodologist and Russian language teacher Alexandra Voskresenskaya, was one of the most successful textbooks for elementary schools: it was reprinted twenty times. The secret of the primer's success was a successful combination of tasks to develop memory, imagination, and training in writing and reading skills. The material in the manual became more complicated gradually and gradually: from a combination of sounds to syllables, from them - to short words, small phrases, and so on. The main motive of the illustrations in the book was the measured and happy village life (initially, according to the Voskresenskaya's Primer, they studied in rural schools).

Alexandra Voskresenskaya also paid special attention to preparing preschoolers for teaching and created the famous "alphabet with a stork" for teaching children in a family.

"Primer" by Sergei Redozubov, 1945

Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1946

Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

Sergey Redozubov. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1950

The post-war primer was illustrated with scenes of peaceful labor and rest: young pioneers were portrayed for extracurricular reading, games, sports and cleaning. Describing these pictures and relying on auxiliary ones, schoolchildren learned to come up with short stories for each lesson. Towards the end of the Primer, there were poems and stories to read, including revised Russian folk tales... True, the manual was difficult for the children: it did not always observe the gradual complication of phrases and texts for parsing, and each of its pages was overloaded with columns of words with the same or similar syllables.

Vseslav Goretsky. Primer. Moscow, publishing house "Education", 1993

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Vseslav Goretsky built his primer not according to the alphabet, but according to the frequency of the use of letters in speech and writing: they opened the book "a" and "o", and closed the "b" and "b". It was also the first primer to be released along with the copybooks and didactic material.

The peculiarity of "Primer" was its play form. The journey to the "land of knowledge" was shared with the students by popular heroes: Buratino, Dunno and Murzilka, and the tasks were often funny riddles and puzzles. The book also contained many easy-to-memorize poems, including those authored by Alexander Pushkin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Korney Chukovsky and Samuil Marshak.

Goretsky's "Primer" turned out to be so popular and beloved by children that it continued to be published and republished for 30 years, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

One user wrote:

- Was the alphabet printed abroad? I always believed that everything was fine with the printing industry in the USSR ... Well done Germans - everywhere they did it. And they tried for themselves, and they helped us

I also racked my brains - why is there a different order of letters in the alphabet and primer?))

lybimye_knigi
It still remains a mystery to me where this alphabet was used - in school or kindergarten? I remember my blue primer, they gave it to us right away in the first grade, I even have my photo with him at my desk. I also remember the ABC, but when did we learn from it? Both books teach reading in the same way, why did you have to duplicate?

elenka_knigolub
I think that this ABC was intended for children to study with their parents or in kindergarten.
I just looked at the Primer - it is more complicated: there are already vowels / consonants, hard / soft sounds, writing, charades, rebuses, and in general it was approved by the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, in contrast to the ABC.
And this ABC, by the way, contains, in addition to the letter section, also materials for teaching counting, as well as devoted to children's creativity.

For those wishing to "look through" the ABC online -

Primer, 1987

Almost all Soviet children learned from this primer.

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Primer 1970.

The first graders of the 70s were less fortunate - the cover of the "Primer" of the 1970 model was simpler and laconic. I studied it in the first grade in 1984.

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8. Printed in the GDR. And yet why? And "Who is this? What is it?" in two volumes, too, was once published in the GDR.

As a child, my husband and I had such a textbook in two parts, according to which we were taught the Russian language.
Designed for preparatory and first grades of national schools, as well as for foreigners who are starting to learn Russian.

Russian language in pictures.

Barannikov I.V., Varkovitskaya L.A. Old edition of the textbook. 1971 year.

I had one. The second part was not found.

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4. The pages of the textbook reflect the Soviet life of the 60s.


5. Pay attention - the stove is on wood.


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My husband and I had these publications. They loved to leaf through them in childhood - to look at pictures and try to read words.

1982 year. First part

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13. For me, this vegetable garden was like creature)

14. Perfect family dinner. Again, grandma is frying, mom is making soup.

Second part.

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9. Gas stove. Soviet life in the late 70s and early 80s.

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12. Soviet supermarket, and earlier it was a supermarket selling a full range of food and drinks. Supermarket.

13. A small cake turned out to be a familiar - this is a "Fairy Tale"!

14. And to this day we remember this when we communicate on the Internet - on forums, in chats: some go to bed, while others are still at work.

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I've always liked illustrations in this style. Emotional. Animals are like people. Such pictures are in all textbooks and manuals for extracurricular activities. For a long time I could not find the name of the artist. By the method of elimination, I assumed that it was E.V. Viktorov. I did not find about him on the Internet. Maybe any of the readers knows about it?

E.V. Viktorov also created covers for math notebooks.

Probably, this is one of the first works of the artist. Textbook "Native speech. Grade 1" 1975.

What were the first Soviet alphabets?

On December 26, 1919, a decree was issued on the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR. Among the points of the decree was the following:
8. Those who evade the duties established by this decree and prevent illiterates from attending school are subject to criminal liability.
This means that all those who could read and write were obliged to teach the illiterate, and those - to go to school. Apparently, some families did not allow girls and women to go to schools - they say, this is not a woman's business.

However...
5. Employed literacy learners, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, shall have their working day reduced by two hours for the entire period of study, with the retention of wages.

The full text of the decree -

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6... Only under Soviet rule women could learn to read and write - after all, it was believed that the "woman" was not capable of learning.

A primer for adults "Down with illiteracy" (1920), beginning with the slogan "We are not slaves. We are not slaves",

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There were others - "Workers 'and Peasants' Primer", the Communist Primer "The Competent Red Army Man" and "Anti-Religious Alphabet" (1933).

The ABC of the Revolution, 1921

A series of posters "The ABC of the Revolution" by the Ukrainian artist Adolf Strakhov was first published in 1921. The main theme of this set is the life of the young Soviet republic in the first post-revolutionary years. The ABC of the Revolution, in spite of the not quite perfect literary form of its subtext poems, was a significant phenomenon in the propaganda art of the 1920s and later, in 1969, was republished by the Kiev publishing house Mystestvo.

Continuation of the alphabet -

Anti-religious alphabet. Hardly for first graders.

UTILBURO IZOGIZA.
Moscow 1933 Leningrad.
Artist Mikhail Mikhailovich Cheremnykh.

- Nowadays in Russia they are not able to create any sensible social advertisement. No creativity, execution - so-so. And here - a whole alphabet with decent and expressive (I speak as a specialist) illustrations!
- "In our time in Russia they are not able to create any sensible social advertisement" - in our time everyone has become much smarter and just throw up their rights. Therefore, you will not see good social advertising ..

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Well, who would have thought that we would live to see a time when such a picture will again become relevant.

5.How did Gandhi displease the Soviet Bolsheviks?

- Well, apparently, during his political maneuvers, various criticisms arose in his address.
- These are communists, they have always seen only enemies abroad, so they set people up against India, as well as against other countries ..
- Read the story. The USSR always tried to maintain friendly relations with India, as with a revolutionary country that rebelled against the yoke of the British colonial forces.
- In vain they are so about Gandhi.

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- As far as I remember, Ford supported the Nazis during the Third Reich, so he was assigned to this alphabet

- They dragged him here only because the so-called Ford conveyor in the understanding of the communists is the most pronounced form of exploitation, where the personality of a person in the production of any object does not have the slightest significance.

Continuation of the primer in

There was "Soviet Erotic Alphabet", created in 1931 by the future People's Artist of the USSR Sergei Dmitrievich Merkurov (1881-1952). It is interesting that the author of this alphabet was a monumental sculptor, the author of numerous monuments to Joseph Stalin (including the three largest on the territory of the USSR) and Lenin, as well as tombstones near the Kremlin wall - F.E. Dzerzhinsky, A.A. Zhdanov, M.I. Kalinin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, M.V. Frunze.

Vladmir Konashevich's alphabet- this time for children. No revolutionary slogans.

As the artist's daughter recalled, "Azbuka" was born from the letters that Konashevich wrote to his wife: “Dad wrote letters to mom, and he sent me pictures. For every letter of the alphabet. I was already four years old, and obviously he thought it was time to already know the letters. Later, these pictures were published under the title "Alphabet in drawings by Vl. Konashevich ".

Publisher: TV-in R. Golike and A. Vilborg
Place of publication: Petrograd
Year of publication: 1918

Interesting, firm mark at the end of the words is absent in the alphabet, but the letters - fita and izhitsa - have survived.

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5. Two spelling options - old and new.

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Fully ABC -

Primer 1937

The time is such that it is necessary to praise the leaders and dear comrades almost on their knees ...

I.S. Belyaev. Primer. 1943

State Publishing House of the K-FSSR.

A prominent figure in the public education of Karelia. Teaching from 1930 to 1940. from 1940 - Deputy People's Commissar, and from 1944. until 1951 - People's Commissar - Minister of Public Education of the K-FSSR. In 1944-1949. has done a lot to restore the school network in Karelia. Honored teacher of Karelia, candidate of pedagogical sciences, author of more than 20 textbooks. Several textbooks were prepared by him during the war years.

After the war.

"ABC", 1970.

Publishing house "Education", tenth edition. Authors: Voskresenskaya A.I., Redozubov S.P., Yankovskaya A.V.

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And this is a primer for children with hearing impairments. Children with 2-4 degrees of hearing loss and complete hearing loss were called deaf-mute. At that time there were no special equipment (headphones and microphones) and powerful hearing aids that would help children with degrees 2-4. There were no modern methods of teaching children to speak. Therefore, they were taught to write correctly, to read lips - if they cannot say, then let them write on a piece of paper. And reading books is a source of knowledge. There were dactyl alphabet and sign language at that time, but there were not very many sign language interpreters, mostly hearing children of deaf parents who lost their hearing after an illness (acquired non-hereditary deafness)

Zykov S.A. Primer for schools of the deaf and dumb

Publisher: State. educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR Year: 1952

This primer is built according to the sound (analytical-synthetic) method. Training on it is designed for a year and a half. In order to maintain the interest of students, the primer contains exercises-games, the texts are accompanied by illustrations. To develop a sense of rhythm, short verses are included in the primer. When reading the ABC book, children become familiar with grammar concepts such as the singular and plural of a noun, the present and past tense of the verb, the masculine and feminine gender of the verb, the formation of words by adding a prefix, etc.
Learning to write is carried out simultaneously with teaching to read, therefore, exercises for writing are also given in the primer.

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5. The everyday life of Soviet citizens of the 50s. There is a TV set, but the chandelier is not visible.

6. Articulation of the lips at the sound "a".

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10. Resembles the method of teaching a foreign language. This is understandable, for deaf children, their native language is just the same as a foreign one. Learn words that denote objects, actions, etc. Highlighted syllables denote stress, where you need to raise your voice.

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12.There were headphones in schools for deaf children. But there are no hardware and buttons. Apparently, there were almost none of them ... In the classroom, the desks are arranged in a circle so that the children could look at the teacher, more precisely, at her lips and at the gestures of the dactyl alphabet.

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Donskaya N.Yu., Linikova N.I. Primer for schools of the hearing impaired.

Second edition. M .: Enlightenment, 1986. It was on it (first edition) that I studied in the first grade right after the ABC book in the blue cover.

Cover artist E.V. Viktorov.

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4. There are few students in the class - not only because there are many fewer hearing impaired people than hearing people. But for a teacher, a dozen students are the same as 30 hearing students. Their speech must be monitored, pronunciation corrected, and this takes a lot of time.

The hardware for controlling headphones and microphones appears to be built into the table. Just added. Today I talked at work with a deaf person whose child goes to school for children with hearing impairments. He said that such schools have not had equipment for a long time, now everyone wears hearing aids of various powers.

5. Here is the same equipment on the teacher's desk, but it's hard to see. The teacher does not sing into the microphone, she speaks. School desk for two students. The female students have headphones, but they don't stand out. Apparently, the hobbyist did not emphasize them for esthetic reasons. Usually these are black rubber headphones on a black platmas flexible hoop.

8. Stress in every word. A funny and instructive story. The artist is the same E.V. Viktorov.

Well, that's it, I end the post with this.)

And what are the ABC books for modern schoolchildren now? ABCs?