Famous mineralogist, professor of mineralogy Imp. Moscow University, son of the economist I. V. Vernadsky (see). Genus. in 1863. In 1885 he graduated from St. Petersburg. university; in 1890 he acted as a privat docent in Moscow. university; since 1891 he has been in charge there ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich- Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. VERNADSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (1863 1945), Russian naturalist, thinker and public figure. The founder of the complex of modern earth sciences geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiochemistry, etc. Organizer of many ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1863 1945) naturalist and thinker, one of the founders of geochemistry, radiogeology, genetic mineralogy, creator of biogeochemistry, the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. He graduated from the natural sciences department of St. Petersburg University. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Soviet naturalist, outstanding thinker, mineralogist and crystallographer, founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology and the doctrine of the biosphere, organizer of many scientific institutions. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1863 1945) Russian naturalist, thinker and public figure. The founder of the complex of modern earth sciences of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, hydrogeology, etc. The creator of many scientific schools. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Renowned mineralogist and public figure. Born in 1863. Graduated from the course at St. Petersburg University; headed the mineralogical institute of the same university; after defense in St. Petersburg. doctoral dissertation On sliding phenomena in mineral ... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (1863 1945), chemist, mineralogist and crystallographer, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1912), academician (1919) and the first president (1919 21) of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Was born in St. Petersburg. Graduated from St. Petersburg University (1885), in 1886 88 curator of its Mineralogical Museum. ... ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)
- (1863 1945), naturalist, thinker and public figure. Son of I.V. and M.N. Vernadsky. The founder of the complex of modern earth sciences of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiology, hydrogeology, etc. The creator of many scientific schools. Academician ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Date of birth: February 28 (March 12) 1863 Place of birth: Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire Date of death: January 6, 1945 Place of death ... Wikipedia
VERNADSKY Vladimir Ivanovich- (28.02 (12.03). 1863, Petersburg 01.06.1945, Moscow) naturalist and thinker, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere, genetic mineralogy, radiology, biogeochemistry and other scientific directions. In 1885 he graduated from the natural department. physic ... ... Russian Philosophy. Encyclopedia
Books
- Philosophical Thoughts of a Naturalist, Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich. The book on the manuscripts of V. I. Vernadsky preserved in the Archives of the USSR Academy of Sciences publishes his latest works "Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon" and a series of essays united under the title ...
- History of the minerals of the earth's crust. Volume 2. History of natural waters. Part one. Issue 2, Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich - Soviet naturalist, outstanding thinker, mineralogist and crystallographer, founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology and the doctrine of the biosphere, ...
My message is dedicated to the life and scientific activities of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. He is a great scientist, naturalist who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. His contributions to science are enormous and varied. He worked in the field of various sciences and made discoveries in them.
The beginning of life and scientific activity
The life of a scientist was long and eventful. He was born in 1863 in Ukraine into an educated and talented family. His second cousin - prose writer Vladimir Korolenko, who wrote "Children of the Underground", "The Blind Musician" and other famous works. Vernadsky's dad was a professor.
At first, the family moved to St. Petersburg, but did not stay there for long and went to Kharkov, where they lived for several years. Then again to St. Petersburg, where Vladimir Ivanovich graduated from high school and entered the university. Here he studied natural Sciences, and his teachers were famous people, including.
After graduating from the University, Vernadsky studied geology and mineralogy, and then taught these sciences at Moscow University. However, when several professors were fired on political charges, Vernadsky also left the university.
Study of radioactive substances
The great natural scientist became interested in radioactive substances; He devoted many years of his life to this work, went on expeditions, and strove to create Research Stations in the Urals.
Vernadsky continued his work after the 1917 revolution. He went to teach in Ukraine: first to Kiev, then to Simferopol, where he was the rector of the university for some time. But then Vladimir Ivanovich returned to St. Petersburg and continued his active scientific activity and research on radioactive substances.
His managed to organize an expedition to the place of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. Under the leadership of V.I. Vernadsky and V.G. Khlopin, a plant was created in Tatarstan, where for the first time it was possible to obtain highly enriched radium.
The doctrine of the noosphere
Vladimir Ivanovich's activity was not limited to the study of uranium and radium. He owns creation of the doctrine of the noosphere. The scientist believed that the noosphere will replace the biosphere. In the biosphere, he counted 7 types of substances: living, biogenic, that is, arising from living, and so on, up to scattered atoms and substances of cosmic origin. He believed that the living is eternal, and man in the process of evolution will become the most important of the living. More and more people will study science, people will come to power, an information space network will be created, and atomic energy will give people the opportunity to change the biosphere. Then the biosphere (the space of life) will pass into the noosphere (the space of the mind). Scientist looked to the future with optimism and faith in the human mind.
The last years of the scientist's life
During the Great Patriotic War already quite old, eighty years old, he was evacuated to Kazakhstan. Here his wife died, with whom he lived for 56 years. Vernadsky survived it by only one year and died in January 1945 of a stroke. He had a son and daughter who lived abroad.
Scientist's contribution to science
The greatest contributions of Vernadsky to science are considered research in the field of geology, mineralogy, the creation of the science of biogeochemistry and the doctrine of the noosphere.
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(12.03.1863-1945)
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky is a famous Soviet biologist, geologist, chemist, thinker.
One of the main merits of Vernadsky is that he created the doctrine of the biosphere, in which he showed that living organisms affect sedimentary rocks. In the development of this doctrine, Vernadsky also considered the noosphere - the biosphere in which a person lives.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was born on March 12, 1863 in St. Petersburg. His father, Ivan Vasilievich Vernadsky, worked as a professor of economics at St. Petersburg University.
Five years after the birth of Vladimir Ivanovich, his family moved to Kharkov.
In this city, Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky began to work as an office manager of the State Bank.
In Kharkov, Vladimir Ivanovich entered the First Classical Gymnasium.
In 1876 the Vernadsky family returned to St. Petersburg. Vladimir Ivanovich continued his studies at one of the best in Russia, the First St. Petersburg gymnasium.
In 1881, Vladimir Vernadsky entered the natural sciences department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. At that time Mendeleev, Butlerov, Sechenov, Dokuchaev taught there.
Here Vernadsky conducted his first research (under the direction of V.V.Dokuchaev). It was dedicated to gophers. Vladimir Ivanovich found out that the movement of the earth carried out by these animals is quite large.
In 1886, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky graduated from the university and stayed there to continue his scientific work, and he was already interested in mineralogy.
In 1898, Vladimir Vernadsky headed the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography at Moscow University.
At that time mineralogy was mainly concerned with the description and systematization of minerals. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky put forward the idea of the evolution of minerals (connection with environment, the change in minerals over time). Vernadsky presented the results of his experiments and reflections in his work "The History of the Minerals of the Earth's Crust."
Since 1905, Vernadsky became a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party, which advocated democratic reforms in Russia.
In 1911, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky left (along with other professors) from Moscow University (in protest against the actions of the Minister of Education Kasso).
After leaving Moscow University, Vernadsky returned to St. Petersburg and took up scientific work... He was mainly engaged in those areas that were between the generally accepted scientific disciplines (chemistry, geology and biology), as a result of which new sciences appeared - geochemistry and biogeochemistry.
Biogeochemistry of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was engaged in geochemical processes on the surface of the Earth, in which living beings - representatives of the biosphere - play a very important role. He showed that the biosphere is a natural result of the development of the Earth.
Vernadsky expanded the concept of "biosphere" (introduced in the 19th century), calling this term the shell of the Earth, including the lower atmosphere, almost the entire hydrosphere and the upper lithosphere, to the existence of which living organisms make a significant contribution. This interpretation was not new, but Vernadsky was able to show that most sedimentary rocks are the result of the vital activity of living organisms.
Vernadsky divided the biosphere into two parts - modern or active (where all kinds of organisms now live) and passive, which includes the area of life of long-dead organisms.
Using the elements he studied, Vladimir Ivanovich showed how living organisms participated in their formation and migration. At the same time, Vernadsky found out that living organisms are concentrators and accumulators of scattered rare substances and chemical elements. "
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky outlined his doctrine of the laws governing the bonds of chemical elements in his work "Paragenesis of the chemical elements of the earth's crust."
In the last years of his life, Vernadsky came to the conclusion that the biosphere passes into the noosphere (the term "noosphere" was coined by the French geologist E. Leroy).
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the shell of the Earth, in which the activity of the human mind takes on the character of a geological process. He considered the noosphere to be one of the states of the biosphere, the biosphere of people.
Vladimir Ivanovich was one of the organizers of the Cadet Party, was a member of the Provisional Government in 1917 as Deputy Minister of Public Education.
After the October coup, when Lenin declared the Cadets "the party of the enemies of the people," Vernadsky left for Ukraine. There, in 1918, before the Reds came to Kiev, he founded the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
In 1920, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky organized the Tavrichesky University in the Crimea.
In 1921, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky returned to Russia. In Soviet Russia, he had no problems (possibly at the direction of Lenin). One of the reasons for this could be that Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky attended the same student Narodnaya Volya circle as Alexander Ulyanov (Lenin's brother).
The son of Vladimir Ivanovich, Georgy, was a privat-docent at St. Petersburg, then Tavrichesky University, head of the press department in the Wrangel government of the South of Russia, and from 1927 he began to work in the United States. He was even a professor at Yale University, heading the department of Russian history.
The academician's daughter, Nina, married Baron Toll, the son of a famous traveler, and went with him to Prague, then to America.
In the thirties, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky "was developing the NKVD" (in connection with the "case of the Russian National Party"), but never got arrested.
In the summer of 1940, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky received a letter from his son, to which a newspaper clipping was attached. It reported that his acquaintances Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at the Berlin Kaiser Wilhelm Institute split the nucleus of the uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons.
Vernadsky appreciated the potential of this experiment. Therefore, on his initiative, a commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created, which included IV Kurchatov and Yu. B. Khariton - the future creators of the Soviet atomic bomb.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky died in 1945, six months before the bombing of Japanese cities.
Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky |
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Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |
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Moscow, USSR |
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Geology, crystallography, mineralogy, geochemistry, radiogeology, biology, biogeochemistry, philosophy |
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Pedigree
Public views
The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere
(February 28 (March 12) 1863, St. Petersburg - January 6, 1945, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet scientist of the XX century, naturalist, thinker and public figure; the founder of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry.
His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activities, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.
Biography
Pedigree
The grandfather of the future scientist - Vasily Ivanovich graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University and served as a military doctor, received a title of nobility, took part in the campaigns of Suvorov's troops across the Alps, after which he settled in Kiev, where V.I. Vernadsky's father, Ivan Vasilievich (1821 - 1884).
Ivan Vasilievich Vernadsky graduated from the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, for several years he studied political economy abroad. For several years he taught Russian literature at the gymnasium, headed the department of political economy at Kiev University, after the marriage with the daughter of the famous Russian economist Nikolai Shigaev - Maria, the young family moved to Moscow. There Ivan Vasilievich taught political economy and statistics at Moscow University. Over time, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where I. Vernadsky served as professor at the Main Pedagogical Institute. The first wife died ten years after the marriage, leaving him with a son, Nikolai. For the second time, Ivan Vasilyevich married her cousin - the daughter of a noble landowner Anna Petrovna Konstantinovich, a music and singing teacher.
In the village of (Velikie) Shishaki in the Poltava region, the Vernadskys had an estate, where they came almost every summer for the summer with their whole family.
Vladimir Vernadsky was a second cousin of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Korolenko.
Childhood
In 1868, due to the unfavorable climate, the Vernadsky family moved to Kharkov - one of the leading scientific and cultural centers of the then Russian Empire. In 1873, Vladimir became a first grader of the Kharkov classical gymnasium.
In 1885 he graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1890 - assistant professor of the Department of Mineralogy at Moscow University. In 1897 he defended his doctoral dissertation at St. Petersburg University. In 1898-1911 he was a professor at Moscow University.
A family
In 1886, Vernadsky married Natalia Yegorovna Staritskaya (1862-1943), with whom he lived for more than 56 years. The family had two children: son Georgy Vladimirovich Vernadsky (1887-1973), a famous researcher of Russian history, daughter Nina Vladimirovna Vernadskaya-Toll (1898-1985), psychiatrist; both died in exile in the United States.
Work
Vernadsky's activities had a tremendous impact on the development of earth sciences, on the formation and growth of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the worldview of many people.
Member of the State Council (1906, 1907-1911, 1915-1917).
In 1915-1930, the chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Production Forces of Russia, was one of the founders of the GOELRO plan. The Commission has made a huge contribution to geological research Soviet Union and the creation of its independent mineral resource base.
Since 1912, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (later the Academy of Sciences of the USSR). One of the founders and the first president (October 27, 1918) of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
From 1920 to 1921 he was the rector of the Taurida University in Simferopol.
From 1922 to 1939, director of the Radium Institute organized by him. Between 1922 and 1926 he worked abroad in Prague and Paris. One of the main reasons for working in France was the study in the laboratories of Curie paris, a substance mistaken for a new radioactive element.
In 1926, he formulated the concept of the biological structure of the ocean. According to this concept, life in the ocean is concentrated in "films" - geographic boundary layers of various scales.
In 1927 he organized the Department of Living Matter at the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, he used the term "living matter" in a sense different from the works of O. B. Lepeshinskaya - as a set of living organisms of the biosphere.
He founded a new science - biogeochemistry and made a huge contribution to geochemistry. From 1927 until his death, he served as director of the Biogeochemical Laboratory at the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was the teacher of a whole galaxy of Soviet geochemists.
Of the philosophical heritage of Vernadsky, the doctrine of the noosphere is best known; he is considered one of the main thinkers of the trend known as Russian cosmism.
In 1943, "for many years of outstanding work in the field of science and technology" for his 80th birthday, Vernadsky was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree.
Subglacial mountains in East Antarctica are named after Vernadsky. In Moscow and Simferopol, avenues, Taurida National University are named in honor of the scientist, in Kiev - a boulevard and the National Library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Antarctic Station are also named after the scientist.
Addresses
- 1897-1904 - Borisoglebsky lane, wing of house number 11.
In St. Petersburg
- 1881-1897 - the main building of the St. Petersburg Imperial University - Universitetskaya embankment, 7.
Public views
Before the revolution, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets).
In equal measure, he is considered his compatriot in Russia and in Ukraine. Despite the fact that Vladimir Vernadsky is considered a Ukrainian scientist in Ukraine, in 1918 he refused to accept Ukrainian citizenship from Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky and considered himself a Russian person, defended the unity of Russia and opposed independent Ukrainians as Austro- and Germanophiles.
Volodymyr Vernadsky also had a negative attitude towards the Ukrainization of the 1920s and 1930s, considering it violent, and called the language of signs and works of Mikhail Hrushevsky "paganism." He considered his main cultural and social task to preserve Russian culture in Ukraine, unite Ukrainians who cherish Russian culture, and develop ties with Russian scientific institutions.
The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere
In the structure of the biosphere, Vernadsky distinguished seven types of matter:
- alive;
- biogenic (arising from living or processed);
- inert (abiotic, formed outside of life);
- bio-inert (arising at the junction of living and non-living; to bio-inert, according to Vernadsky, soil refers to);
- substance in the stage of radioactive decay;
- scattered atoms;
- substance of cosmic origin.
Vernadsky was a supporter of the panspermia hypothesis. Methods and approaches of crystallography Vernadsky extended to the substance of living organisms. Living matter develops in real space, which has a certain structure, symmetry and dissymmetry. The structure of matter corresponds to a certain space, and their diversity testifies to the diversity of spaces. Thus, the living and the inert cannot have a common origin, they come from different spaces that are eternally close to each other in the Cosmos. For some time, Vernadsky connected the features of the space of living matter with its supposed non-Euclidean nature, but for unclear reasons, he abandoned this interpretation and began to explain the space of living matter as a unity of space-time.
An important stage in the irreversible evolution of the biosphere, Vernadsky considered its transition to the stage of the noosphere.
The main prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere:
- dispersal of Homo sapiens over the entire surface of the planet and its victory in competition with other biological species;
- development of planetary communication systems, creation of a single information system for mankind;
- the discovery of such new sources of energy as atomic, after which human activity becomes an important geological force;
- the victory of democracies and access to government by the broad popular masses;
- the increasing involvement of people in science, which also makes humanity a geological force.
The works of Vernadsky were characterized by historical optimism: in the irreversible development of scientific knowledge, he saw the only proof of the existence of progress.
Memory
- Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after V.I. Vernadsky RAS.
- Tavrichesky National University named after V. I. Vernadsky
- Vernadsky Avenue in Moscow.
- Vernadsky Street in Bila Tserkva.
- Boulevard of Academician Vernadsky in Kiev.
- Vernadsky Avenue in Odessa.
- Vernadsky Avenue in Simferopol.
- The Bank of Russia has issued a commemorative coin "Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky" for the 130th anniversary of his birth in the series "Outstanding Personalities of Russia".
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry named after V.I. Vernadsky of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (1863-1945), Russian mineralogist, crystallographer, geologist, geochemist, historian and organizer of science, philosopher, public figure.
Father of the historian G.V. Vernadsky. Born in St. Petersburg on February 28 (March 12) 1863. The future scientist spent his childhood in Ukraine. Vernadsky began to study at the Kharkov gymnasium, but in 1876 the family returned to Petersburg, and the teaching was continued at the Petersburg gymnasium, where in high school Vernadsky became interested in natural science and reading the works of A. von Humboldt. He entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University, where his teacher was the founder of soil science V.V. Dokuchaev. In 1885 he defended his thesis for a candidate's degree and, at the suggestion of Dokuchaev, became an employee of the mineralogical office at the university.
Russian democracy is a kingdom of well-fed pigs.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
In 1888, Vernadsky was sent to Europe, trained in Munich with the crystallographer P. Grot and in Paris with L. Le Chatelier at the Paris School of Mines and Ferdinand Fouquet at the College de France. In Paris, he became interested in ancient Greek philosophy. In Moscow, he lectured and worked with students as a private lecturer at Moscow University from 1890 to 1898. He developed the theory of the genesis of minerals, at the same time the discovery of the kaolin core, the main radical that is part of most aluminosilicates, dates back to this time.
In 1891 he defended his master's thesis (On the group of sillimanite and the role of alumina in silicates). The next year he published his Course in Crystallography. A significant place in the university course on mineralogy Vernadsky devoted to the history of minerals and chemistry of the earth's crust, the role of oxygen released by living organisms. He traveled a lot in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia, conducting geological surveys.
In 1897 he defended his doctoral dissertation on crystallography Phenomena of sliding of crystalline matter. Was elected a professor at Moscow University. In 1897 he organized a session of the International Geological Congress in Moscow. He was engaged in quantitative estimates of the distribution of elements in the earth's crust (published in the issues of Experiments in Descriptive Mineralogy), developed the concept of natural isomorphic series, which opened the way to the formulation of distribution laws. At the beginning of the century, he began research on the history of science, already at that time anticipating his idea of the 1920s about scientific thought as a geological factor.
Socialism is always based on the subordination of the individual to the welfare of the majority.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
In 1905 he was elected assistant to the rector of Moscow University, in 1906 - an adjunct of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1908 - an extraordinary academician. In 1906 he was the head of the Mineralogical Museum. He lived alternately in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
In December 1909, he spoke at the XII Congress of Naturalists and Physicians with a report on Paragenesis of chemical elements in the earth's crust, which laid the foundation for the science of geochemistry, which, in Vernadsky's understanding, was to become the history of "earthly atoms." The scientist called for the use of a new method of studying the history of chemical elements using the phenomenon of radioactivity, and suggested the existence of a genetic relationship between chemical elements. He continued to develop ideas about the influence of the living organic world on the history of the elements that make up the earth's crust, came to the conclusion about the eternity of living matter as a general manifestation of the cosmos, like energy and matter.
Realizing the importance of radioactive substances as a source of energy and, possibly, a means of creating new chemical elements, Vernadsky actively began practical work on mapping deposits of radioactive minerals and collecting samples. In 1909, through the efforts of Vernadsky, the Radium Commission was established. The next year, in search of deposits of radioactive substances, the scientist visited the Transcaucasia, Transbaikalia, Fergana, and the Urals. The first geochemical laboratory was organized in St. Petersburg, later a special radiological department was formed with it, headed by L.S. Kolovrat-Chervinsky. In December 1911, at the Mendeleev Congress, Vernadsky made a report on the gas exchange of the earth's crust, in which he substantiated the idea of the "organization" of the planet, of the general planetary mechanism.
I think that religion has a colossal future, but its forms have not yet been found.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
March 12, 1912 Vernadsky was elected an ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, in 1914 became director of the Geological and Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. In 1915 he acted as the founder and chairman of the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces (KEPS), created to coordinate the development of the mining industry.
The Commission started publishing the Proceedings, which contained a great deal of material on the raw material resources of Russia. “Geologically, the most significant difference introduced into the chemical work of living matter by man, in comparison with microorganisms that play such an important role in geological history,” noted Vernadsky, “lies in the variety of chemical changes introduced by man, in the fact that he alone touched in his work almost all chemical elements and will probably end up touching all elements. " In 1917, Vernadsky was considering a plan to create a new scientific discipline - biogeochemistry, specifically dealing with living matter as a part or function of the biosphere.
Vernadsky took an active part in the public life of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was a member of the zemstvo and constitutional democratic movements. In late August - early September 1903, together with P.B. Struve, N.A. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.N.Bulgakov, S.N. Trubetskoy, P.I. Novgorodtsev, I.I. Petrunkevich , DI Shakhovsky, SF Oldenburg and others established the "Union of Liberation", the ideas of which formed the basis of the Constitutional Democratic Party formed a year later.
Any philosophical system unconditionally reflects the mood of the soul of its creator.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
He was a member of the Bureau of Zemsky Congresses (headed by D.N.Shipov), one of the participants in the famous St. Petersburg general Zemsky congress on November 3-9, 1904, an active participant in the movement for the autonomy of universities. At the first and second congresses of the Constitutional Democratic Party, he was elected a member of its central committee. In April 1906, he was invited to the State Council from the academic curia, which also included university professors (left the Council after the dissolution of the Duma in July 1906, re-entered it in 1907). In 1907 he became a member of the editorial board of the cadet newspaper Nov '.
In December 1910 he left Moscow University in protest against the repressive measures taken by the authorities after the funeral of Leo Tolstoy, in which students participated. Was expelled from the members of the State Council. He resumed his activities in the Council in 1915. In February 1917, the Council was abolished. His last act was a telegram to the tsar at Headquarters with a proposal to abdicate the throne, signed by four members of the Council, including Vernadsky.
After the events of February 1917, Vernadsky was appointed chairman of the scientific committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and was elected professor at Moscow University. In March he was included in the commission on the reform of higher educational institutions under the Ministry of Education, and in August he was appointed to the post of assistant minister of public education.
Everything that we do not know, we know thanks to the dreams of dreamers, visionaries and learned poets.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
After the publication on November 17 of the appeal of the Provisional Government (by that time underground), in which the Bolsheviks were called rapists and under which the scientist's signature was, Vernadsky was forced to hide and left first to Moscow, and then to Poltava. His record of that time is characteristic: “The Bolsheviks are right - there is a struggle between capitalism and socialism. Is socialism better than capitalism? What can he give to the masses? Socialism is inevitably the enemy of freedom, culture, freedom of spirit, science. The Russian intelligentsia is infected with the insanity of socialism. "
In Kiev in 1918, under the hetman P.P. Skoropadsky, Vernadsky started organizing the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and was elected its president. He was also involved in the formation of an academic library, trying to save valuable collections of books and manuscripts in the chaos and kaleidoscopic change of government. After the arrival of the Bolsheviks in February 1919, he tried to organize the work of the Academy.
In July he left for Staroselie to an experimental station, returned to Kiev with the arrival of the Volunteer Army, and met with A.I. Denikin on the issue of financial support for the Academy. He left for Rostov, when the Red Army approached the city, in December he moved to the Crimea. He was invited to the post of professor of mineralogy at the Taurida University in Simferopol, in September 1920 he became its rector. He was going to emigrate to the UK, but stayed at the insistent request of university teachers. I met with P.N. Wrangel, asked for assistance to the university. Despite the scarcity of funds, he tried to establish mineralogical and geochemical studies. One of Vernadsky's lectures at the university bore the title, characteristic of all future activities of the scientist, On the role of man, his consciousness and will for the life of nature.
A scientific hypothesis always goes beyond the facts that served as the basis for its construction.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
In January 1921, with the arrival of the Bolsheviks in the Crimea, Vernadsky was dismissed from the university. Thanks to the People's Commissar for Health N.A. Semashko (a student of Vernadsky at Moscow University), in February, together with the Oldenburg family, he was sent to Petrograd in a separate carriage attached to an ambulance train. (Almost immediately after the departure of Vernadsky and other scientists to Moscow, and then to Petrograd, the Red Terror began in Crimea.)
In Petrograd, in July 1921, Vernadsky was arrested by the Cheka and almost got blacklisted in the Tagantsev case. Soon released (thanks to the intercession of the same Semashko) from prison, without waiting for new troubles, together with his daughter went to the biological station near Murmansk. Returning to Petersburg in the fall, he began organizing, together with V.G. Khlopin, the Radium Institute under the People's Commissariat of Education. In the spring of 1922, he gave a series of lectures on geochemistry, in particular on the chemical composition of living matter (laboratory experiments on the decomposition of various species of animals and plants to the elementary chemical composition began to give interesting results, which testified to the special properties of elements isolated from organisms and the selective attitude of organisms to isotopes). In the House of Writers, he made a report in which he expressed the idea of the beginninglessness of space and life as its integral part.
Accepting the invitation of the University of Paris, in the early summer of 1922 he left with his wife and daughter through Prague (where his daughter remained to study) to Paris. He lectured at the Sorbonne at the end of 1922 - 1924, published the book Geochemistry in French (the book was published in Russian in 1927 under the title Essays on Geochemistry). He worked in the laboratory of M. Sklodovskaya-Curie. Having received a grant from the Rosenthal Foundation, he prepared a report Living Matter in the Biosphere and an article The Autotrophy of Humanity.
The victory of any scientific view and its inclusion in the worldview does not yet prove its truth.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
In the latter, the scientist argued that humanity should master the direct synthesis of food from mineral sources, bypassing intermediaries (plants), and predicted the appearance of autotrophic animals. Vernadsky also expressed the idea that the source of energy for living matter can be not only the radiant energy of the Sun, converted by living matter into chemical, but also atomic energy associated with the scattering of chemical elements in terrestrial matter (i.e., atoms that are not included in compounds, in particular radioactive elements, iodine, noble gases, etc.). (In 1937, at the XVII International Geological Congress, he suggested that all chemical elements are in a state of radioactive decay, "not detectable by modern methods."
In March 1926 he returned to Leningrad at the insistence of his student AE Fersman and President of the Academy of Sciences SF Oldenburg, prompted by a sense of guilt for what had happened and the thought of his duty to "build a bridge between the old Russian culture and the post-revolutionary one." Vernadsky was convinced of the imminent collapse of the Soviet regime, like many other scientists who compromised with the Soviet regime, but considered it his duty to preserve what remained of Russian science and culture after the Bolshevik pogrom.
Relying on Oldenburg, in St. Petersburg, Vernadsky took the initiative to restore the Commission on the History of Knowledge, again became the director of the Radium Institute and the head of the KEPS. Under KEPS, he organized the Department of Living Matter, and then the Biogeochemical Laboratory (BIOGEL) (1928). At the end of 1926, the work of the scientist Biosphere (published the following year in France) was published, which expounded thoughts about living matter as not only a part of the mechanism of the Earth, but also of the entire cosmic device. In February 1928, in a report to the Leningrad Society of Naturalists on the Evolution of Species and Living Matter, he expressed the idea of the correlation of biogenic migration of atoms in the biosphere with the process of evolution of species. He suggested that the elementary chemical composition of the organism, in particular the concentration of radium, may be a specific feature. At the same time, Vernadsky's thoughts about dissymmetry in the structure of living matter, which distinguishes it from inert matter, are related.
The truth is often more open to scientific heretics than to orthodox representatives of scientific thought.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
Since 1927, Vernadsky often traveled abroad, to Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, the Netherlands and other countries, giving lectures and working in scientific centers. In 1928 in Paris he met with E. Leroy and P. Teilhard de Chardin. Beginning in 1930, traveling abroad required overcoming more and more obstacles, but they were necessary, since it was the “nomadic” way of life that helped to survive. The last time Vernadsky went abroad was in 1936. Hopes for the collapse of the Bolsheviks gradually faded, the Academy was purged and sovietized. Step by step, the "old Russian culture" was replaced by new barbarism.
However, Vernadsky did not try to go abroad and continued his scientific work, which, according to his views, alone could save Russia. In 1931, Vernadsky's brochure The Problem of Time in modern science... In 1934, Vernadsky moved to Moscow in connection with the move of the Academy of Sciences from Leningrad to the capital, in the same year his work The History of Natural Waters was published. In 1936, Vernadsky accepted E. Leroy's idea of the noosphere as a continuation, a new state of the biosphere, a new era that should begin in the history of the Earth and the entire cosmos. “Humanity taken as a whole,” wrote Vernadsky in 1944, “is becoming a powerful geological force. And before him, before his thought and work, there is the question of restructuring the biosphere in the interests of free-thinking humanity as a whole. This new state of the biosphere, to which we, without noticing it, are approaching, is the noosphere ... [Man] can and must rebuild the area of his life with his work and thought, rebuild radically in comparison with what was before. "
Scientific truth develops in a complex and roundabout way, and far from all scientific worldview serves as its expression.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich
In 1940, Biogeochemical Essays were published (the work Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon was put on the table and was published with cuts only in 1977). In the late 1930s, Vernadsky headed the Committee on Meteorites and Space Dust, the Isotope Commission, participated in the work of the International Committee on Geological Time, and others. In June 1940, he initiated the creation of the Uranium Commission and thus actually initiated a nuclear project in the USSR. After the outbreak of war, in July 1941, the evacuation of the Academy of Sciences began, Vernadsky with his family and his fellow academicians left for Kazakhstan in Borovoe, Akmola region and returned to Moscow only at the end of August 1943. In 1944, the last work of the scientist was published A few words about the noosphere.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - photo
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - quotes
It is said that the natural sciences raised the strength of man, gave him some kind of unknown power. Rather, they reduced nature to man, made it possible to predict its shallowness, to predict that, after a proper investigation, it will appear of the same order as human nature. 
To educate does not only mean to nurture and nurture, but also to give direction to the heart and mind - and for this, does not the mother need character, science, development, accessibility to all human interests?
In the complex structure of Russian social life, all the most difficult aspects of both the modern capitalist system and the ancient state system were combined, where the masses of the people bear only service tax, where they are the slavish impersonal basis of state well-being.
In a storm and a thunderstorm, the Noosphere will be born, in the destruction of wars and hunger, the manifestation of our Planet as a whole will for the first time be expressed and will be the first manifestation of the transition of the Biosphere to the Noosphere, in which humanity will become a powerful geological force, where its thought, consciousness, reason can be geologically manifested.
It is impossible to postpone concern for the great and the eternal until the time when the possibility of satisfying their elementary needs will be achieved for all. Otherwise it will be too late. We will give material goods into the hands of people, whose ideal will be “bread and circuses”.