A turning point in the course of the war. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War. Initial state of affairs

Municipal educational institution

gymnasium No. 8 named after. L.M. Marasinova

Lesson development on the topic:

"The Beginning of a Radical Change in the Great Patriotic War".

O. V. Voshenikina

history teacher of the 1st category

Lesson topic: " The beginning of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War” is studied in the course of the history of Russia in the 9th grade.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: study of the Battle of Stalingrad:

Stages of battle

Hostilities

Heroism of the Soviet people

Rear during the Battle of Stalingrad

Tutorials:

• development of critical thinking through a variety of tasks;

  teaching students to work in groups, analyze documents;

Educational:

the formation of patriotism and respect for veterans of the Second World War among students.

Number of students: 3 groups of 6 people.

Equipment: a map on the board and cards on the tables of students, documents on blocks of tasks, an exhibition of books on the Battle of Stalingrad, photographic documents, a decorated board.

Board: quote (see below), topic of the lesson, cluster - Battle of Stalingrad, date and stages of the battle, table (closed)

Lesson plan:

Organizing time.

Introduction by the teacher.

Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.

Battle of Stalingrad: a turning point.

rout Nazi German troops near Stalingrad.

Results and consequences of the battle.

Summing up the lesson.

During the classes.

1. 1. Organizing time ( greeting, checking readiness for the lesson ).

1. 1. Introduction by the teacher.

The whole globe is under your feet.

I live. I breathe. I sing.

But always in my memory

Killed in battle.

Let me not name all the names

There is no blood relatives.

Isn't that why I live

What did they die?

What I owe them, I know.

And let not only a verse,

My life will be worthy

Their soldier's death.

S. Shipachev

In world history, there are events that are forever preserved in the memory of mankind, constitute the Golden Fund of the history of peoples and states. Among such events is the brilliant victory of the Soviet people in the Battle of Stalingrad.

72 years ago, the word “Stalingrad” entered the vocabulary of all languages ​​of the world and since then has been reminiscent of a battle that, in scope, tension and consequences, has surpassed all armed clashes of the past. This battle is rightly called the battle of the twentieth century. Stalingrad forever entered the annals of history as a symbol of the invincibility of the USSR.

The topic of our lesson “The Beginning of a Radical Change in the Great Patriotic War”, § 25 (notebook entry).

The purpose of the lesson: Why exactly in the winter of 1942-1943? began a radical change in the Second World War?

Question for students: How do you understand the meaning of the words "radical change"?

Question for students: What do you know about the Battle of Stalingrad? (each group writes their presentation on the board)

In this lesson, we will take a closer look at the stages, course and significance of the Battle of Stalingrad and return to the cluster at the end of the lesson, supplementing it with new information.

After the defeat of the Nazi troops near Moscow and the collapse of the blitzkrieg strategy, the German command decided to return the strategic initiative on the Soviet-German front, and to complete the main goals of the Barbarossa plan. For the summer of 1942, the Wehrmacht developed a plan code-named "Braunschweig". The enemy was still strong. The Germans retained the quantitative and qualitative superiority of their troops, the strategic initiative. The absence of a second front in Europe allowed the German command to field 237 divisions against the Soviet troops by the summer. (teacher's work on the map) German troops under the command of General F.-V. Paulus were to strike in the direction of Stalingrad, cut the isthmus between the Don and the Volga and capture the city. It was assumed that the tank and motorized troops would strike along the Volga with the task of reaching Astrakhan and paralyzing traffic along the main Russian waterway. The success of such an operation, together with the withdrawal of German troops to North Caucasus, would mean the rejection of the center from the sources of raw materials and food.

III. Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.

The Battle of Stalingrad took place from July 17, 1942 to February 2, 1943, and consisted of three periods:

Stage 1. 17.07 - 12.09. 1942 - defensive battles of the Soviet troops on the outskirts of Stalingrad (entry in a notebook).

In the lesson, we will characterize each period by analyzing the documents in groups.

Group 1 - analyzes the documents of the balance of forces of opponents (table).

Group 2 - analyzes documents of German plans (directives).

Group 3 - analyzes the documents of the plans of the USSR (order No. 227).

After analyzing the documents, the table on the board is filled in:

The balance of forces of the USSR and Germany in the Battle of Stalingrad.

Side

Summer 1942

November 1942

Germany

military superiority

USSR

military lag

Stop the advance of the enemy

Based on an analysis of the situation, the headquarters of the supreme high command determined the significance of Stalingrad, that it was here that the decisive struggle would unfold at this stage of the war. (teacher's work on the map) In July 1942, when the enemy broke into the bend of the Don, the Battle of Stalingrad began. The Nazis wanted to go straight to the Volga and capture the city, which had been preparing for defense for several months: defensive structures were being built: external, middle, internal and urban, with a length of 3860 km. Anti-tank ditches were dug in the most important directions. 30 partisan detachments were formed. The proclamations of that time spoke of helping the soldiers of the front; it was necessary to double and triple the production of tanks, artillery, mortars. Echelons with military equipment and ammunition came from all over the USSR, since, on the orders of the SVGK, scientists from September 1941 to mid-1942 improved the technical equipment of the armed forces.

On July 28, 1942, the People's Commissar of Defense issued order No. 227 "Not a step back", which stated that it was necessary to protect every meter of Soviet land to the last drop of blood. A fight against cowards and alarmists was announced, and penal battalions were introduced.

(Teacher's work on the map) On September 12, 1942, the defensive battle of the Soviet troops in the Great Bend of the Don ended. 62nd Army under the command of General V.I. Chuikov and General Shumilov's 64th Army were cut off from the city. The enemy was located northeast and southwest of Stalingrad, 2-10 km from the city. The city went into a state of siege. The 2nd period of the Battle of Stalingrad began.

IV. Battle of Stalingrad: a turning point.

Stage 2. 12.09 - 18.11. 1942 - fighting in the city; the offensive of the Soviet troops northwest and south of Stalingrad (entry in a notebook).

The fate of the country was decided on the banks of the Volga. Therefore, the whole world watched this battle. In Washington and London, in Paris and Belgrade, in Berlin and Rome - everywhere people felt and understood - the fate of the USSR was being decided here.

Group 1 - student's statement, letters from volunteers;

group 2 - letters from Soviet soldiers from the front, inscriptions on the walls of Stalingrad;

Group 3 - a table on the balance of power.

After working in a group, the table takes on a finished look:

Side

Summer 1942

November 1942

Germany

military superiority

Capture of Stalingrad, access to Astrakhan

military lag

Fortify in Stalingrad, cut the Volga

USSR

military lag

Stop the advance of the enemy

military superiority

Destroy the Stalingrad grouping of the enemy.

In September 1942, fighting began on the streets of the city. Soviet soldiers had to fight off up to twelve or more enemy attacks during the day. Fights went on for every quarter, for every street, house, floor. At this time, a sniper movement is deployed. There were more than 400 snipers in the 62nd Army alone. Sniper Vasily Zaitsev killed more than 300 Nazis.

A place of honor in the heroic chronicle is occupied by the name of Sergeant Yakov Pavlov, under whose command a group of 20 people defended the house on January 9 Square for 58 days. "Pavlov's House" remained impregnable.

Fierce battles unfolded in the area of ​​​​Mamaev Kurgan. Height changed hands many times. After the liberation of the city on its slopes, from 500 to 1200 mines and grenades were picked up on each square meter of land. In the spring of 1943, green grass was not visible on this mound: it was brown from metal.

On November 11, the Germans made another attempt to capture the city. At the Barricades plant, the Nazis managed to reach the Volga and cut off the 138th division from the main forces of the Red Army. And this was the last success of the enemy forces in Stalingrad. From mid-November 1942, the Germans went on the defensive. Since September, the SVGK began preparing a counteroffensive in the winter campaign of 1942-1943. The Red Army was ready to move from defense to offensive, to open a new stage of the Great Patriotic War. This operation went down in history as Operation Uranus. The third and last stage of the Battle of Stalingrad began.

V. The defeat of the Nazi troops near Stalingrad.

Stage 3. 11/19/42 - 02/02/43. Counteroffensive of the Red Army; encirclement and destruction of the enemy grouping (entry in a notebook).

(Teacher's work on the map) The troops of the Southwestern (N.F. Vatutin), Stalingrad (A.I. Eremenko) and Don (K.K. Rokossovsky) fronts participated in the counteroffensive. The counteroffensive began on November 19, 1942. Having broken through the enemy's defenses, Soviet troops surrounded him from the south and south-west, and on November 23, in the area of ​​​​Kalach-on-Don, the South-Western and Stalingrad fronts connected, closing the encirclement.

Group work - document analysis:

Group 1 - letters from the Germans participating in the battle;

Group 3 - Hitler's speech.

The participants in the battle were our countrymen: 20-year-old tanker A. Naumov, T-34 driver N. Vodolazkin and many others.

22 enemy divisions and more than 160 units of up to 300 thousand people were surrounded. On December 29, the Germans tried to help the besieged from the area of ​​Kotelnikovo (General E. von Manstein), but to no avail. After the Germans refused to capitulate, the troops of the Don Front on January 10, 1943 began the liquidation of the encircled group, which ended on February 2, 1943. More than 90 thousand people were taken prisoner. In total, the Germans and their allies lost 1.5 million people in the battles near Stalingrad. After the surrender of Paulus's army in Germany, a three-day state mourning was declared.

Group work - document analysis:

Group 2 - articles from the foreign press.

VI. Results and consequences of the battle.

Return to the cluster(add new information about the battle that you learned in the lesson).

Battle of Stalingrad (for example).

Heroism of the Soviet people.

Destruction of Stalingrad.

German encirclement.

Medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad"

Question for students: So why exactly in the winter of 1942-43? began a radical change in the Great Patriotic War?

VII. Summing up the lesson

Lesson summary:

From here, from the battlefields of the Battle of Stalingrad, a radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War began, which ended in victory at the Kursk Bulge. We will study this event in the next lesson.

Assessing students for their work in class. Homework- §25

List of additional literature.

Heroes of fiery years. Comp. Sidorov I.I., Rumyantsev B.P. Yaroslavl: Upper Volga book publishing house, 1985.

Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections. T.2. Moscow: AP Novosti, 1988.

History of wars and military art. Ed. THEIR. Bagramyan. Moscow: Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense, 1970.

Krylov N.I. Stalingrad frontier. M .: Military publishing house, 1984.

Generals. Ed. Rusakova E.V. M.: Roman-newspaper, 1995.

Teaching history in schools. Scientific-theoretical and methodical journal. No. 6, 2005.

One hundred great battles. Ed. Myachina A.N. Moscow: Veche, 1998.

Shtemenko S.M. General Staff during the war. Moscow: Military publishing house, 1989.

Yakovlev N.N. Marshal Zhukov. M.: Izvestia, 1995.

Applications

Stage 1. 17.07 - 12.09. 1942 - defensive battles of the Soviet troops on the outskirts of Stalingrad.

NO STEP BACK!

(From order No. 227 of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR)

... It's time to end the retreat. No step back! This should now be our main call.

We must stubbornly, to the last drop of blood, defend every position, every meter of Soviet territory, cling to every patch of Soviet land and defend it to the last possible ...

DIE, BUT NOT RECEIVE!

(Statement by machine gunner A. Zykalin at a Red Army rally)

The Nazis want to shackle us. We, to whom the Communist Party has given freedom, a new life. Blood flows like a river on Soviet soil. Today the fascist monsters are ruining and exterminating Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians. Tomorrow, if they are allowed to, they will plunge a bayonet into the heart of our Motherland - Moscow, break into the sunny Caucasus, penetrate into Central Asia, trample the flowering fields of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Turkmenistan. No, the people will never forgive us if we let the enemy inland. There is nowhere to go further. We will die, but we will not retreat!

In drawing up the plan for the 1942 campaign, we were guided by the following guidelines:

a) the troops of the eastern front are no longer able to attack

throughout the front, as it was in 1941;

b) the offensive should be limited to one sector

front, namely the southern;

c) the purpose of the offensive: to completely exclude the Donbass from the military-economic balance of Russia, cut off the supply of oil along the Volga and capture the main oil supply bases, which, according to our assessment, were located in Maikop and Grozny. The exit to the Volga was not planned immediately in a wide area, it was supposed to go out in one of the places in order to then capture the strategically important center - Stalingrad. In the future, in the event of success and the isolation of Moscow from the south, it was supposed to take a turn with large forces to the north (provided that our allies would take over the Don River). I am at a loss to name any terms for carrying out this operation. The entire operation in the southern sector of the dolit was to end in a large encirclement of the entire southwestern and southern groups of the Red Army, which were covered by our Army Groups "A" and "B".

“If in the course of ... the operation (meaning the third of the successive operations that constituted the “main operation” of the Nazi troops on the eastern front), especially as a result of the capture of undestroyed bridges, it will be possible to create bridgeheads east or south of the river. Don - it must be used. In any case, it is necessary to try to reach Stalingrad, or at least expose it to our heavy weapons so that it loses its importance as a center of military industry and a communications center.

The balance of forces in the Stalingrad direction

in July 1942

Forces and means

Red Army

Germany and its allies

People (thousand people)

Number of tanks

3300

3000

Number of aircraft

1200

Stage 2. 12.09 - 18.11. 1942 - fighting in the city; the offensive of the Soviet troops northwest and south of Stalingrad.

PLEASE SEND TO PROTECT YOUR HOME TOWN

(Statement of the schoolboy G. Mezhevalov to the Berezovsky RK VLKSM of the Stalingrad region)

Statement

I am 14 years old, but I beg you to send me to protect our hometown. And enlist me in intelligence. I pledge to beat the enemy to the last drop of blood.

G. Mezhevalov

Mother agrees

CONSIDERING PATRIOTIC DESIRE…

(From the decision of the Stalingrad Regional Committee of the Komsomol)

The bureau of the regional committee, taking into account the patriotic desire of the Komsomol members and youth, decides:

Oblige district committees, city committees of the Komsomol from November 7 to 15, 1942, to select 200 Komsomol members and youth who voluntarily want to go to the defense of the city. To this end, to hold mass youth rallies, Komsomol meetings.

Pass all volunteers through the medical and mandate commission. Send those selected to the city of Kamyshin, providing them with warm clothes, food, organizing friendly farewells for them ...

THE ENEMY WILL BE DESTROYED.

(Letter from the commander of the 284th Infantry Division, Colonel N.F. Batyuk, to his wife and children)

Hello, dear wife Maria Efimovna! Hello dear children! I send you warm fatherly battle greetings and best wishes. Children learn perfectly well, and mom does not get bored and Raya has fun. I write to you very often, so far there are no letters from you. Today I have a night of anxiety. I sit, read, and all my thoughts are about Ukraine. Therefore, I decided to write, and when I write, it seems to me that I am talking to you. Now the planes are bombing, the movement of the air is breathtaking, the enemy is shooting with luminous bullets, throwing rockets. Like a masquerade. From time to time I go out of the dugout to look at this spectacle. Fires are all around, and behind a large river, sung in Russian songs. Sometimes it is insulting that we have given away a lot of Russian land, insulting to tears, but all the same, the enemy will be destroyed, there is no doubt about this, and this inspires strength and confidence in the future, in victory.

Today I was lucky - at the feet of one meter a shell fell, but did not explode. This is my third such case in the war.

Write, Musya, how you live, like children.

Greetings, your... friend and fighter Kolya.

WE SWEAR TO OUR MOTHER MOTHERLAND. GREAT PARTY.

(From the oath of volunteers, defenders of Stalingrad)

Stalingrad, 1942

German barbarians destroyed Stalingrad - the city of our youth, our happiness. They turned schools and institutes where we studied, factories and laboratories where we worked, palaces, theaters and parks where we rested into heaps of ruins and ashes.

They destroyed what was created by the labor of our fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers, everything that we were proud of, that we protected and kept ...

We go into the fighting ranks of the Red Army in order to defend you, in order to defeat and drive back the German invaders under your walls, we go into battle, raised by a sacred feeling of burning hatred for the enemy ...

Joining the ranks of the defenders of our native Stalingrad as volunteers, we take a solemn oath to our Motherland, our great Bolshevik Party:

We swear to fight for every inch of the Stalingrad land, not sparing our lives and blood... To stand before the enemy to the death. Beat the enemy everywhere. Take revenge on him for Stalingrad, for the destroyed factories, workers' quarters, schools, for every burned house ...

We swear to take revenge on the German fascist invaders for our desecrated land ... for every destroyed ear on the collective farm field, for every plundered collective farm yard ... We swear courageously and steadfastly, as long as there is breath in the chest, as long as blood flows in the veins, holy land, for native Stalingrad.

THEY STAND TO DEATH...

(Inscriptions on the wall of a house on Lenin Square in Stalingrad)

Not later than November 1942

“Motherland!

Here Aleksey Anikin and Pavel Dovzhenko, Rodimtsev’s guardsmen, fought heroically against the enemy.”

“This house was defended by Guards Sergeant Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov!”

The workers of one of the factories in Ufa wrote to General V.I. Chuikov:

“Dear Comrade Army Commander! We know that it is hard for you: death is hovering over you, but we, the workers, assure you and your fighters that we will work with all our might, regardless of time and fatigue, we will give you above the plan what we can squeeze out of our machines and muscles. We urge you: do not look back, your fathers and mothers, wives and children stand behind you as an unshakable wall, who expect victory from you. So beat the fascist bastards more boldly and to death.

The balance of forces in the Stalingrad direction in November 1942

Forces and means

Red Army

Germany and its allies

People (thousand people)

1134,8

1011,5

Number of tanks

1560

Number of guns and mortars

14 934

10 290

Number of aircraft

1916

1219

Stage 3. 11/19/42 - 02/02/43. Counteroffensive of the Red Army; encirclement and destruction of the enemy grouping.

In the newspaper "Volkischer Beobachter" Hitler's speech was printed, delivered by him on November 9, 1942 in Munich, in which he stated:

“Stalingrad is ours!.. Russians are still sitting in several houses. Well, let them sit. This is their own business. And our work is done. The city bearing the name of Stalin is in our hands. The greatest Russian artery - the Volga - is paralyzed. And there is no force in the world that can move us from this place.

I tell you this - a man who has never deceived you, a man on whom providence has placed the burden and responsibility for this greatest war in the history of mankind. I know you believe me, and you can be sure, I repeat, with all responsibility before God and history, that we will never leave Stalingrad. Never. No matter how much the Bolsheviks want it.”

… One of the fascist thugs, Wilhelm Hoffmann, who served in the company and then in the battalion office of the 267th Infantry Regiment of the 94th Infantry Division, writes in his diary.

The diary began in May 1942. From the diary we see that at first the Nazi boasts:

“On July 29, the entry in the diary reads: the company says that the Russian troops are completely defeated, they cannot hold out any further. Reaching the Volga and taking Stalingrad is not such a difficult task for our armies. The Fuhrer knows where the weak point of the Russians is, victory is close ... "

“Stalingrad is hell! Happy are those who receive only wounds, they will certainly be at home and celebrate the victory with their families.”

The Hitlerite still believes in victory. But with each passing day, that faith waned. Here are more entries:

“In Germany, everyone is convinced that Stalingrad is completely ours. How deeply mistaken they are! If only they could see what Stalingrad did to our army!”

“The Russians went on the offensive along the entire front. There are fierce battles. Here it is, the Volga, here it is, victory, and a quick meeting with relatives. Obviously, I'll see you in the next world."

“The horses have already been eaten. I am ready to eat a cat, they say, her meat is very tasty. The soldiers began to look like the dead or distraught people looking for something to put in their mouths. They no longer hide from Russian shells, they don’t have the strength to walk, bend and hide. Damn this war!"

Thus was the belligerent arrogance of the Nazis near Stalingrad brought down by the steadfastness of the Soviet soldier, who, not sparing his life, fought for his native land, for the happiness of the Soviet people.

Confessions of an ENEMY.

(From the notes of the German Lieutenant Hugo Weiner)

Autumn 1942

... We already knew too well the diabolical stubbornness of the Russians, which they show in battle ... But we did not expect such stubbornness from them. This turned out to be too much of a surprise for us. Our regiment is melting like a lump of sugar in boiling water. This go-

genus

some kind of hellish meat grinder in which

our parts are being ground... I can't eat or sleep. I'm sick of this damn city...

YES, THIS IS THE ENEMY!

(From a letter German soldier relatives)

Autumn 1942

... Now there are battles in Stalingrad, which have never happened before during the entire campaign in Russia. The most terrible thing is street booms, the struggle for every house. Here the Russians are downright amazing. I'll give you just one example so you can understand what's going on here. When we approached Stalingrad, we had 140 people, and by November 1 we had 16 left. Not a single officer remained. More than a thousand wounded are taken out of Stalingrad every day. Yes, it's an enemy!

THE RING SHRINKS...

(From the diary of a motor squadron corporal Marsen Ludwig (field mail 18212)

21/X1. Surrounded.

30/XI. Meals exclusively from horse meat without any fat.

7/X II. They took away 200 grams of bread from me.

12/X II. Rotten potato food.

I5/XII. I suffer a lot because of thin boots.

19/X II. Kolya shrinks.

26/XII. First time eating a cat

1.I. New Year. Russians do not give rest. Very bad mood.

A TURNING POINT IN THE FATE OF EUROPE AND THE WHOLE WORLD.

(From a review by journalist W. Steed, made on London radio)

... What place will future historians assign to the battle for Stalingrad? This is a great test military force is unparalleled and can lead to exceptionally significant consequences. You cannot find in history a single example of the encirclement and complete destruction of the besieging army and 330 thousand people ... Historians can consider the battle of Stalingrad as a turning point in the fate of Europe and, perhaps, the whole world.

THE VALIANT FEAT OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY WILL LIVE

IN THE AGES.

(From the New York Herald Tribune)

The debacle at Stalingrad recalls the inevitable death of Hitler and his army, which experienced at Stalingrad the biggest catastrophe that has ever befallen the German army since the existence of Germany ... The epic battle for Stalingrad is over. It means that the Nazis have already exceeded the pinnacle of their power and from now on their fall begins, to which they are doomed. The valiant feat of the Russian army will live for centuries.

Quite frankly, Joachim Wieder, a former scout of the 6th Army of Paulus, tells in his memoirs about the decomposition of the Nazi army near Stalingrad:

“The army,” he says, “was falling apart with increasing speed, it was no longer a military force, but was only a mass of exhausted people, to whom each new day brought even more terrible torment ... Pitiful, emaciated figures, wrapped in greatcoats, raincoats and rags. Leaning on sticks, they barely hobbled on their frostbitten legs, wrapped in straw and rags of blankets. This is how the remnants of that once mighty army, which in the summer, confident of victory, rushed to the Volga, stretched through a snowstorm, looked like ... Yes, these were the same soldiers who had so recently marched across many countries of Europe as self-confident victors, but now they were pursued by the enemy and death lay in wait from everywhere...

We carried our total war to all corners of Europe, perniciously intruding into the fate of other peoples... We sowed grief and death, and now they have ruthlessly turned against us. The steppe near the Don and the Volga has absorbed the flows of precious human blood.

Battle of Stalingrad (17.VII.42 - 2.II.43)

I period of defense

It began with the battles of the 62nd Army (commander General V. I. Chuikov) against the superior forces of the 6th Army of General Paulus at the crossings across the Chir and Tsimma rivers. In mid-August 1942, the fighting was already on the nearest approaches to the city. From the south, the enemy 4th Panzer Army advanced towards Stalingrad, the attacks of which were repelled by the 64th Army (commander General M.S. Shumilov). August 23, 1942 enemy

broke through to the Volga and cut off the 62nd Army from the Stalingrad Front.

On August 25, 1942, a state of siege was introduced in Stalingrad. On August 28, 1942, Soviet troops stopped the enemy on the northwestern approaches to Stalingrad, but the next day the enemy broke through the defenses of the Soviet troops and reached the bypass channel, where he was stopped.

II period of defense

Fighting took place already in the city itself, and not only for the districts of the city and the streets, but also for individual houses. Both sides suffered huge losses. On November 11, 1942, the Nazis launched the last assault on the city, but were able to capture only the southern part of the territory of the Barrikady plant. From mid-November 1942, the invaders went over to the defensive.

Counteroffensive period

The heroic defense of Stalingrad created the conditions for the transition of the Soviet troops to the counteroffensive. The troops of the Southwestern (commander N. F. Vatutin), Stalingrad (commander General L. I. Eremenko) and Don (commander General K. K. Rokossovsky) fronts participated in the counteroffensive. The counteroffensive began on November 19, 1942. Having broken through the enemy’s defenses, Soviet troops surrounded him from the south and southwest, and on November 23, in the area of ​​Kalach-on-Don, the forward formations of the Southwestern and Stalingrad fronts connected and closed the ring. 22 enemy divisions and more than 160 separate units numbering up to 3.40 thousand people were surrounded. On December 29, an enemy grouping was defeated, which had left the Kotelnikov area to rescue the besieged. Soviet aviation thwarted an attempt by the fascist command to create an air bridge to supply the encircled troops with food and ammunition. After the enemy refused to capitulate, the troops of the Don Front on January 10, 1943 began the liquidation of the encircled grouping, which ended on February 2-4, 1943.

Clustering is a pedagogical strategy that helps students to think freely about a topic. The cluster method is used at the stage of challenge and reflection before the topic is determined, as well as for summarizing the study of the topic in order to evoke new associations in students. This activity serves as a means of informing the student about such connections, the existence of which he did not even suspect.

It began at the end of 1942 with the beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet army - after the victory in Battle of Stalingrad. The incredible feat of the Soviet soldiers (at the cost of the lives of more than 1.2 million soldiers) turned the whole course Second World War. Stalingrad hell is reflected in hundreds of literary works, musical works, theater, cinema, television, computer games.

February 2, 1943 Panzer Army General Paulus was completely destroyed, the rest of the divisions of the Wehrmacht, the 8th Italian army of Gariboldi, the 2nd Hungarian army, the 3rd and 4th Romanian armies and the 369th Croatian regiment were defeated in Stalingrad cauldron and scattered. It's hard to describe the hysteria Hitler who realized that the Soviet Union was by no means a "colossus with feet of clay" (as he himself said before), but blitzkrieg « Barbarossa"not only went to hell, but the whole course of the war began to threaten with defeat.

At this time, all of Europe froze, following the course of hostilities on the Eastern Front. Both the German generals and the allies of the USSR in anti-Hitler coalition realized that the most important battles of the world war at that moment were taking place on the territory of the Soviet Union.

On August 23, Kharkov was liberated and the battle for the Dnieper. On September 22, Soviet troops began to force the Dnieper, and during the subsequent Korsun-Shevchenko operation surrounded and defeated the German troops. Started in October Kyiv offensive operation and on November 6, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was liberated from the Nazi invaders.

Immediately after the Kursk Bulge, an operation was undertaken to liberation of Donbass. Donbass operation began on August 13, 1943, by the troops of the southern front, who on the eve expelled the Nazis from the Kuban, Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog. The most fierce fighting unfolded in the area of ​​​​the villages of Kuibyshevo-Marinovka-Snezhnoye. The fascists occupied the dominant height known as Saur-Tomb. During repeated assaults, the height passed from hand to hand several times, until on August 31 the Soviet soldiers finally occupied it, and the Germans retreated. During the entire Donbass operation (especially in breaking through the defense mius-front, up to 800 thousand people died, although these data have not been verified. After the war, a memorial complex was built on Saur-Mogila, which, unfortunately, was destroyed during the fighting in August 2014, when the height passed into the hands of the Ukrainian military, then the army of the Donetsk Republic several times. On September 5, the 4th Ukrainian Front liberated an important industrial center - Artemovsk, and on September 8 - Stalino (Donetsk). By September 22, 1943, the Nazis were driven out to Zaporozhye, and the operation to liberate the Donbass was completed.

November 28, 1943 in Tehran (Iran) took place Tehran Conference, which brought together the leaders of the governments of the USSR ( Stalin), Great Britain (Churchill) and USA (Roosevelt). During the meeting, the heads of state finally decided to open Second Front. Recall that the bombing of London by the Germans began in September 1940, and the Japanese as early as December 7, 1941 during attacks on Pearl Harbor destroyed over half of the American Pacific Fleet and killed 2,500 US citizens. During the conference, agents Hitler they tried to organize a terrorist attack and eliminate the leaders of the USSR, the USA and England, fortunately - unsuccessfully. Based on this event, in 1980 Mosfilm filmed Tehran-43.

By the end of 1942, the turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War gradually moved into a new stage - the offensive of the Soviet army against Nazi Germany and its allies. Not the last role in this turning point was played by the Soviet partisans. Partisan movement carried out with the support of the Soviet government. The reconnaissance and sabotage activities of Soviet citizens behind enemy lines in the occupied territories had no less effect than the actions of Denis Davydov's partisans in

Battle for the Caucasus. In the summer of 1942, a catastrophic situation for the Red Army developed in the North Caucasus. After the fall of Rostov-on-Don, the road for the Germans to the south was open, since there were no fortifications on this sector of the front. As a result, despite the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops, in just a few days the enemy troops reached the Caucasus Range. Their goal was the oil of Maykop, Grozny and Baku, as well as the capture of Transcaucasia. Hitler declared that without Caucasian oil he would not be able to continue the war.

But, having mobilized all the possibilities and forces, the Red Army managed to stop the enemy.

The defeat of German troops near Stalingrad. By the autumn of 1942, the balance of power on the Soviet-German front gradually began to change in favor of the Red Army. By this time, the enemy had suffered huge losses in the Stalingrad and North Caucasian directions and was forced to go on the defensive.

The Soviet command sought to achieve a final turning point in the situation in its favor. The Stalingrad Front was chosen as the direction of the main attack. The plan for the defeat of the Germans near Stalingrad (it was developed by the Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief G.K. Zhukov and the Chief of the General Staff A.M. Vasilevsky) received the code name "Uranus". He proposed using the forces of the Southwestern and Stalingrad fronts to strike at the Germans in converging directions with the aim of encircling them in the interfluve of the Volga and Don and completely defeating them. To carry out this plan, a double superiority over the enemy was ensured.

On November 19, 1942, Soviet artillery dealt a powerful blow to the enemy, after which a tank attack began. On the fifth day of fierce fighting, the troops of the two fronts joined in the area of ​​​​the city of Kalach. As a result, the 6th and 4th tank armies of the Germans were surrounded. The total number of encircled enemy soldiers and officers was 330 thousand people. Attempts by the Germans to get out of the encirclement were unsuccessful. On February 2, 1943, the encircled enemy group capitulated. Its commander, Field Marshal Paulus himself, was also captured.

In total, near Stalingrad, the Germans lost 800 thousand people, 2 thousand tanks and assault guns, 3 thousand aircraft.

The victory of the Red Army near Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the course of not only the Great Patriotic War, but the entire Second World War. The strategic initiative finally passed to our army.

Beginning of liberation. The victory at Stalingrad was the beginning of the mass expulsion of the enemy from Soviet soil. Fearing a new encirclement, the Germans hastily withdrew their troops from the North Caucasus.

January 18, 1943 i. search of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts managed to partially break through the blockade of Lepit Rada. In February 1943, the liberation of the eastern Donbass began. At the same time, as a result of a powerful offensive by the troops of the Voronezh Front on the Upper Don, three enemy armies were defeated and the Kursk Bulge was formed, deeply wedged into German positions. It was here that both sides planned to launch the summer campaign.

In total, during the winter offensive, the Red Army managed to defeat more than a hundred enemy divisions.

The Battle of Kursk. A series of military defeats greatly bled the German army. Hitler ordered the start of a "total" (general) mobilization, during which another 2 million soldiers and officers were drafted into the army. On Eastern front German divisions were also transferred from the countries of Europe, where there was still no second front. In total, up to 50 enemy divisions were concentrated near Kursk. Tank armies were armed with new types of equipment - tanks "Tiger" and "Panther", assault guns "Ferdinand". The German plan of operation ("Citadel") provided for the encirclement of Soviet troops and their destruction by German troops from the north and south.

The Soviet command, at the suggestion of G.K. Zhukov, decided to switch to active defense in order, after exhausting the enemy, to bring down on him the entire force of the main and reserve troops. Moreover, for this operation, the Headquarters ensured a significant superiority over the enemy in manpower and equipment.

The Germans were going to use the element of surprise again. It was supposed to start the offensive on July 5 at 3 o'clock in the morning with strong artillery preparation. However, Soviet intelligence accurately determined the day and hour of the start of the offensive, after which the commander of the Central Front, K. K. Rokossovsky, decided on a preemptive strike. A few minutes before the start of the German offensive, almost 19,000 Soviet guns dealt a crushing blow to the places where the prepared German troops were concentrated. As a result, the enemy suffered heavy losses and was able to launch an offensive only a few hours later, and with all his reserves put into action. The Germans were able to advance only 30 - 35 km.

On July 12, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive. On the same day, in the area of ​​the village of Prokhorovka, the largest meeting in the history of the world took place. tank battle, which was attended by 1200 tanks and self-propelled guns. In the course of the entire Battle of Kursk, a turning point came on that day. The Germans were forced to go on the defensive.

Going on the offensive, the Red Army liberated Belgorod and Orel on August 5. By order of Stalin, the first victorious salute in the history of the Great Patriotic War was fired in Moscow.

In the Battle of Kursk, the Germans lost 500 thousand soldiers and officers, 1.5 thousand tanks, 3.7 thousand aircraft. The blow of the advancing Soviet troops was so strong that in a short time it was possible to liberate Kharkov, Donbass, the Taman Peninsula, Bryansk, Smolensk from the enemy.

From mid-September, an unprecedented battle for the Dnieper began. On its steep right bank, the Germans erected a fortification system (“Eastern Wall”), which, in their opinion, made it impregnable. Hitler said with pathos that "the Dnieper would rather flow back than the Russians would overcome it."

However, the Eastern Wall could not stop the Soviet soldier either - on November 6, Kyiv was liberated, and the Dnieper was forced in most directions. For the heroism shown in forcing this barrier, 2438 soldiers who were the first to enter the right bank of the Dnieper were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

At the same time, a significant grouping of German troops was "locked" in the Crimea.

The radical change in the course of the war was fixed.

Tehran Conference. The success of the Red Army in the Roma of a common enemy was supplemented by the landing of allied Anglo-American troops in Italy at the end of July 1943. However, the Soviet leadership was waiting for the fulfillment of the main promise of the allies - the landing of their troops in France, which would significantly speed up the victory over Germany. In November - December 1943, a meeting of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and England ("the big three") took place in Tehran. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the opening of a second front in Europe in May - June 1944, on the creation of the United Nations after the war, on the post-war world order, on the fate of Germany after its military defeat, etc. The USSR promised to enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe.

The results of the second period of the war. From the beginning of the counter-offensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad and until the end of 1943, Germany lost more than 2.2 million people, 3.5 thousand tanks, about 7 thousand aircraft. Only in the summer - autumn of 1943, the Germans lost more than half of all their troops on the Eastern Front.

The German army was on the verge of a military disaster.

By the end of 1943, Soviet troops had liberated almost half of all territories occupied by the enemy.

However, the enemy was still too strong to consider the war already over. There was still a serious and long struggle ahead, but its outcome was in many respects already a foregone conclusion.

Thus, near Stalingrad began, and after the Battle of Kursk ended a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the entire Second World War.

DOCUMENT

The Great Patriotic War was one of the most terrible events in the entire history of Russia. Endless more than 4 years, which claimed many millions of lives, will forever remain in the memory of people. Of course, without brave people, heroes, defenders of their homeland and their loved ones, the war would have been lost. At the beginning of the hostilities, the situation was very difficult for our country, but one day there was a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War, which radically changed the situation.

In contact with

Initial state of affairs

A radical turning point is the events during which the initiative finally passes to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition.

Historians distinguish three stages of hostilities:

• defensive,
• turning point,
• liberation.

The Germans began their offensive on June 22, 1941. Three groups of the German army were deployed near the borders of the Soviet Union. Let's look at a table showing the balance of power between the Soviet and German armies:

Despite the obvious advantage of the USSR by all criteria, at the beginning of the war the initiative was clearly on the side of Germany.

The defensive period lasted from the beginning of the war until November 18, 1942. moved rapidly across the territory of the Soviet Union. The enemy literally imposed his pace of warfare, the Red Army was forced to retreat in all directions. The Nazis planned to destroy the USSR according to the plan, which was called "".

A strategy was developed from December 18, 1940, and was to defeat Soviet Union with one swift blow, defeat the enemy in the course of a short-term military campaign. The enemy attacked in three directions: in the north, the main goal of the Nazis was Leningrad, in the south - Kyiv, and the central front of the offensive was moving towards Moscow. The forecasts of the German commanders-in-chief regarding the timing of victory were as follows: it is possible to defeat the USSR in 4-6 weeks. All ground forces, with the exception of those that controlled the situation in Europe, were sent to the Soviet Union.

Since the Nazi army was better in all respects, it quickly found itself on the outskirts of Leningrad and blockaded the city.

Operation Typhoon

The process of this operation can be divided into two stages:

• the first began on 30 September and lasted exactly one month. All this time there was an attack on Moscow from the southern part of the world. The armies led by Colonel-General Guderian were able to capture the city of "Orel", and then continued to move to Tula. By the end of October, the enemy was able to get close to Moscow, only 100 kilometers remained to be overcome;
• the second began on November 15 and continued until the end of the month. After a short rest, the Germans continued their attack on the capital, but this time from the north side. The enemy tanks were able to break through the Russian front line and continued the offensive. To prevent vehicles from getting even closer to the city, a detachment of 33 brave fighters was sent to defend the position. They managed to complete the task, but every single one of them died. By the end of November, the distance to Moscow for the Germans was reduced to 25 kilometers. The enemy was already preparing to celebrate an absolute victory.

The third stage of Operation Typhoon was being prepared, but the German troops were unable to start it, since our army launched a counteroffensive on December 6. The Nazis held out well, but they were not enough to repel the attack of forces, the suddenness of the Russian offensive and harsh climatic conditions played their role. It was then that the liberation of the territories seized near Moscow began.

Liberation of territoriesThe operation continued until the beginning of January, the Red Army managed to push the enemy back 200 kilometers from the capital.

The Barbarossa plan was thwarted; by that time, Germany had Kyiv and Odessa in its hands. The enemy, even after the defeat near Moscow, had a significant advantage in equipment and numbers of troops. Hitler chooses a southern direction for the offensive, the city of Stalingrad becomes the main goal.

By deliberately spreading false information that Germany was preparing Operation "Kremlin", Hitler managed to deceive the Russian government. Stalin pulled troops to Moscow, but the Nazis unexpectedly moved south, captured Voronezh, Kharkov and approached the Volga. On July 17, 1942, units of the 62nd Soviet Army of Stalingrad entered the battle with the Germans.

Starts with this event. Its duration was 200 days and nights, ordinary citizens were not evacuated, and Mamaev Kurgan was a key strategic point in this city.

After the defense of Stalingrad, a radical change begins in the course of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive and recaptured the city. The period of a radical change - from November 19, 1942 to the very end of 1943. From now on, the forces of our and the German army were equal.

The reason for this is the completed restructuring of the economy in the USSR. Thanks to this, factories capable of producing military equipment and other necessary products began to operate. The enemy army, on the contrary, after the failure at Stalingrad, had run out of forces, the reserve stocks of the necessary things were also used up. General Paulus concentrated the 6th Army near Stalingrad, then the Soviet command was developing Operation Uranus.

Operation Uranus

What event refers to a radical turning point in the war. Historians call Operation Uranus, the main purpose of which was to gather troops from three fronts to encircle and then destroy the German troops near Stalingrad.

1. The offensive began on November 19. The troops of the 5th Panzer Army managed to defeat the third Romanian army.
2. On November 20, the shock group of the city of Stalingrad launched an offensive, and on November 23, units of the 26th Panzer Corps were able to conquer the city of Kalach.
3. A little later, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Sovietsky farm, the armies of the fourth tank unit and the fourth mechanized unit met. They closed the ring and surrounded 330 thousand people.
4. On January 8, 1943, the government of the Soviet Union invited all the encircled Nazis to surrender, but Hitler ordered not to do so.
5. On January 10, the liquidation of the encircled troops began, on January 31, the southern group was destroyed, and on February 2, the northern one.

IMPORTANT! This ends the Battle of Stalingrad, this event was the beginning of a radical turning point in the war.

After this very unexpected defeat, Hitler had the option of attacking only one sector of the front, and he chose his target - the Kursk salient area. However, unfortunately for the Nazis, the command of the Soviet army foresaw the actions of the enemy, reconnaissance detachments reported on the upcoming operation. The Germans launched Operation Citadel, but they failed to break through the front line.

Just one week after the defense of Kursk began, the Soviet army went on the offensive. The famous and legendary Battle of Prokhorov, in which over 1,100 tanks took part, ended with a convincing victory for our troops. It is this battle that is considered the official end of the period called the radical change. This is a truly significant event that turned the tide of the war.

A turning point in the course of the war

The final stage of the war

Results

It is very difficult to overestimate the results of the radical change in the Great Patriotic War for the USSR. The Soviet Union managed to return the territories lost during the hostilities, push back the enemy, free the prisoners, and most importantly, believe in victory. The initiative completely passed into the hands of our soldiers. And most importantly, these events marked the beginning of another - the fall of the Hitlerite empire, which until that moment not a single state and not a single person could imagine.

• - the final transfer of the strategic initiative from Germany to the Soviet Union;
• - ensuring the economic superiority of the Soviet Union;
• - military-technical superiority of the armed forces, and not in single samples, but in mass supply;
• - change in the political position of the opposing countries in the international arena.

The beginning of a radical change is considered to be the end of 1942. Some consider the defeat of the Germans near Moscow in December 1941 to be the beginning of a radical turning point. I think the difficulty in determining the turning point in the war lies in its scale and the colossal forces involved in the great confrontation. Let's still consider the events that are directly or indirectly related to the radical change.

What happened in 1942? At the beginning of 1942, the Germans no longer had such resources for the offensive as in 1941. However, Hitler did not want to go on the defensive. The Führer wanted to carry out an operation that, even with limited resources, could bring serious success. At the same time, it was taken into account that the German troops would not be able to repeat the offensive in several directions. Refusal of defense was not a mistake of the German command. The Germans retained a tactical and technical advantage, owned the initiative, dominated the sky. They saw shortcomings in the preparedness of Soviet fighters and commanders, inconsistency in the actions of Soviet units. On the other hand, evacuated industry was already operating in the Urals and Siberia, mid-level commanders and military specialists were being trained in the rear and front-line areas, and human resources made it possible to carry out large-scale and numerous mobilization. The Russians quickly learned to fight, and their generals to take into account the shortcomings of the middle level and other subtleties of the balance of power in leadership. A number of counter-offensives near Moscow showed the ability of the Soviet army to break through the German defenses. Later, 1942 would be called the "school year" for Soviet commanders.

Many generals urged Hitler to go on the defensive. The offensive, especially near Moscow, could no longer bring the desired result. Some analysts believe that Germany should have done just that. Hitler cannot convince his generals, is dissatisfied with the course of hostilities and takes over the leadership of the troops.

The Blitzkrieg failed, the troops lacked equipment, and the equipment did not have enough fuel. What was needed was a success that would completely or at least partially equalize the chances of Germany's transition to a strategic defense. A number of successes of the German troops in 1942 in the southern regions of the USSR created the prerequisites for a major offensive operation. In May, Marshal S.K. Timoshenko suffered a complete failure in an attempt to liberate Kharkov. On July 4, Sevastopol fell.

The idea of ​​the German command to concentrate the main blow in the south was correct. The main Soviet troops were concentrated near Moscow, waiting for a second strike on Moscow. Stalin did not believe in the evidence of the coming offensive of the Axis in the south, although there was intelligence. The plan, codenamed "Blau", called for a general offensive by Army Group South. German troops were to reach the Caucasus and the lower reaches of the Volga. The main goal is to deprive the Soviet Union of the main economic resources (oil, coal, bread).

Stalingrad was of particular strategic importance. It was necessary, if not to capture it, then at least to neutralize it as a communications center on the Volga River.

In the summer of 1942, the German offensive began. The offensive developed successfully, but not fast enough to achieve the main goal. Soviet troops were able to defend the Caucasus, in the Voronezh region, retreat beyond the Don and take up defense. The lessons of 1941 and Tymoshenko's failures were taken into account. Soviet troops systematically retreated under the blows of German divisions, gaining time to stabilize the newly created Stalingrad Front. On July 9, the advanced units of Group A crossed the Don, but only the rearguards of the Soviet troops met. On July 17, Voroshilovgrad was taken, but without heavy losses from the Russians. On July 24, Rostov was captured, but again not in the same way as the cities were captured in 1941, without the encirclement and capture of thousands of soldiers. Stalingrad, despite the difficult situation of the Soviet troops, was not taken. Constant counterattacks exhausted the Germans, they no longer had the strength to develop the offensive. By November, it became clear that the offensive had not achieved its goal. In Stalingrad, the battle in all respects acquired the character of a battle of attrition. Both sides constantly brought new manpower and equipment into battle, trying to gain an advantage. In November 1942, approximate parity was established on the Soviet-German front in terms of manpower and equipment. But time worked for us. If the Soviet Union economically could afford a long war, Germany was gradually exhausted.

Here is what a participant of those events writes: “When on June 28, 1942, a new grand offensive began, Hitler was first faced with completely new duties for him, which he appropriated to himself, becoming commander-in-chief of the ground forces, that is, with the leadership of huge army masses in an extremely risky offensive operation. ... It was difficult to expect from such a person as Hitler that he would be able to fully grasp with his mind all the work that he had undertaken. ... Decisions were almost always delayed, and therefore events were ahead of them with unthinkable speed, as a result of which the enemy seized the initiative more and more, and we lost one position after another.

... Russian counterattacks against Army Group Center in the Rzhev region were becoming threatening. Field Marshal von Kluge, commander-in-chief of the Center group, appeared in the Werwolf on August 8 and made an urgent request to be given the opportunity to rectify the situation with the help of two tank divisions (9th and 11th), which were transferred under his command from the offensive area . ... the situation near Rzhev meanwhile became uncontrollable; its continuation had historical meaning. Two days later, on August 24, Halder again insisted at the afternoon conference that the 9th Army, which was fighting near Rzhev, should be given freedom of maneuver and allowed to take a shorter line of defense that it could hold with its exhausted forces.

Several divisions of Manstein's army were transferred from the Crimea to the very north, but by the end of August the enemy seized the initiative there, and these divisions, one after another, were wasted on defense.

On top of that, the actions of the partisans in the rear became so serious that in a new attempt to suppress this movement, the headquarters of the operational leadership sent out a special directive signed by Hitler (No. 46 of August 18, 1942).

When I entered the house, Hitler, instead of greeting me, stared at me with a long, angry look, and I suddenly thought: this man has lost his confidence; he realized that his deadly game was moving towards a predetermined end, that Soviet Russia was not going to let itself be destroyed on the second attempt, and that now the war on two fronts, which he unleashed with his senseless, willful actions, would grind the Reich to powder.

The moment when Hitler really let go of the strategic initiative was not the defeat at Stalingrad, nor the defeat three months later in Tunisia; it was November 1942, fatal for modern history Germany, when the enemy attacked us simultaneously in the east and in the west.(Walter Warlimont. At Hitler's headquarters. Memoirs of a German General.)

Events on the German western front undoubtedly played a role in her defeat. Germany retreated from Africa, where it was surrounded and surrendered to a group of 300 thousand. This was after the same number of Soviet soldiers defended Stalingrad. We will not consider and compare the size and scale of its defeats in the West and in Russia. It is important that the radical change in the Great Patriotic War and the change in the entire Second World War are links in the same chain. Having mobilized the whole country and won near Moscow, Soviet people, as many authors like to say, "hammered the first nail in the coffin of Nazi Germany."